Ionizing radiation effects on soil biota: Application of lessons learned from Chernobyl accident for radioecological monitoring     

Andrei S. Zaitsev  Konstantin B. Gongalsky  Taizo Nakamori  Nobuhiro Kaneko 《Pedobiologia》2014

Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and some other neighboring countries bear the heritage of several Soviet era nuclear disasters and the resulting severe radioactive pollution of vast territories. The most famous of them is the Chernobyl catastrophe on April 26, 1986 which resulted in a massive radioisotope fallout (0.185 MBq m⁻² or higher) over about 25,000 km² of the territory of the former USSR alone. Extensive radioecological research around Chernobyl demonstrated that despite high resistance of most of soil-dwelling organisms to ionizing radiation, some soil animals were very vulnerable to radioactive pollution due to low motility, direct contact with hot particles and radioisotope accumulation in soil. These are the reasons that soil organisms are very important organisms for long-term radioecological observations. In this review, we analyze published data on the response of different soil taxa to radioisotope contamination of soil near Chernobyl and other nuclear accident locations. Field results are compared with the available experimental data. Earthworms, millipedes, collembolans and oribatid mites were recognized as the most appropriate biomonitors of different radioactivity levels and types of radioactive pollution. Synthesis of this knowledge allowed us to propose a multilevel system of soil radioecological monitoring, which may be useful for studying the short- and long-term environmental consequences of the recent catastrophe at Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant in Japan, as well as other locations vulnerable to radioactive pollution.  相似文献   

Effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum sex hormones in overweight subjects     

Hayamizu K  Tomi H  Kaneko I  Shen M  Soni MG  Yoshino G 《Fitoterapia》2008,79(4):255-261

(-) Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), an active ingredient extracted from the Garcinia cambogia fruit rind, has been commonly used as a dietary supplement for weight management. Given the controversy over HCA related testicular toxicity in animal studies, we investigated changes in serum sex hormones levels as an extension of our previous double-blind placebo-controlled trial in human subjects, in which 44 participants received either G. cambogia extract (1667.3 mg/day equivalent to 1000 mg HCA/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Compared to the placebo group, administration of the extract did not significantly alter the serum testosterone, estrone, and estradiol levels. Similarly, hematology, serum triacylglycerol and serum clinical pathology parameters did not reveal any significant adverse effects. The results of this preliminary investigation indicate that ingestion of G. cambogia extract at dose levels commonly recommended for human use does not affect serum sex hormone levels and blood parameters.  相似文献   

Mesoscale eddies modulate the dynamics of human fishing activities in the global midlatitude ocean     

Qinwang Xing  Haiqing Yu  Hui Wang  Shin-ichi Ito  Fei Chai 《Fish and Fisheries》2023,24(4):527-543

Frequent fishing activities are causing overfishing, destroying the habitat of marine life, and threatening global marine biodiversity. Understanding the dynamics of fishing activities and their drivers is crucial for designing and implementing effective ocean management. The fishing activities in the open sea are reported to be characterized by high spatial variability in local waters; however, it is still unclear whether their high spatial variability is random or regulated by oceanographic variations. Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous swirling currents that dominate locally biogeochemical processes. Previous case studies presented an ongoing debate regarding how eddies exert impacts on high trophic organisms, which imposes limitations on understanding the dynamics of fishing activities based on the bottom-top control hypothesis from eddies to fish and fishing activities. By combining global fishing activities from deep learning and oceanic eddy atlases from satellite monitoring, we showed that the spatial variations in fishing activities were closely related to mesoscale eddies in the global midlatitude ocean, confirming that fishing activities primarily targeting tuna, were aggregated in (repelled from) anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy cores. This eddy-fishing activity relationship was opposite to satellite-observed primary production but corresponded well with the temperature and oxygen content in deeper water. By integrating existing evidence, we attribute eddy-related fishing activities to a reasonable hypothesis that warm and oxygen-rich deeper water in anticyclonic eddies relieves the thermal and anoxic constraints for diving predation by tuna while the constraints are aggravated in cold and oxygen-poor cyclonic eddies.  相似文献   

Detection of Thiophanate-methyl-resistant Strains in Diplocarpon mail, Causal Fungus of Apple Blotch     

Shuhei TANAKA  Nobue KAMEGAWA  Shin-ichi ITO  Mitsuro KAMEYA-IWAKI 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2000,66(1):82-85

Isolates of Diplocarpon mali, causal fungus of apple blotch, collected from four prefectures in Japan in 1997–1998 were tested for sensitivity to thiophanate-methyl. Results from mycelial growth tests showed that MIC values of the fungicide were 0.19 μg/ml against all isolates from Akita, Nagano and Saga prefectures but 100 or 200 μg/ml against all isolates from the Tokusa area in Yamaguchi prefecture. Detached apple leaves sprayed with the fungicide developed severe symptoms when inoculated with the isolate from Tokusa, but developed no symptoms with the isolate from Nagano. These results are the first confirmation of thiophanate-methyl-resistant strains in D. mali. Received 1 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 15 October 1999  相似文献   

Genetic analysis of β-amylase thermostability to develop a DNA marker for malt fermentability improvement in barley, Hordeum vulgare     

T. Kaneko  M. Kihara  K. Ito 《Plant Breeding》2000,119(3):197-201

β‐Amylase thermostability is one of the major factors affecting fermentability in the brewing process; consequently, it could be used as a selection marker for the trait. In order to clarify what controls its thermostability, the linkage analysis of β‐amylase thermostability and its genotype as restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns was performed in three cross populations. Then, β‐amylase cDNAs cloned from the three varieties which had a different thermostability type were expressed in Escherichia coli. According to the results of the linkage analysis and gene expression test, it was concluded that β‐amylase thermostability resulted from a difference in its structural gene. Furthermore, to construct an STS marker for the gene, the gDNA sequences of β‐amylase were compared among the three varieties, which had different thermostabilities. Although there were many differences in the intron sequence, few nucleotides differed in the exon region. Based on the variation in the intron region, a sequence‐tagged‐site marker was constructed to detect β‐amylase genotypes in breeding material.  相似文献   

Histologic features of the carotid artery trifurcation in thoroughbreds.     

T Nakamura  K Kiryu  N Machida  T Iwata  M Oikawa  M Kaneko 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(3):288-290

The common, external, and internal carotid and occipital arteries were examined histologically at the trifurcation of the common carotid arteries in 13 Thoroughbred foals (0 to 30 days old) and 64 Thoroughbred adults (2 to 4 years old). Calcification in the media of the common carotid and external carotid arteries was observed in 3 of the 13 foals and in 30 of the 64 adult horses. Calcification resembled that seen in M?nckeberg's arteriosclerosis in human beings, the cause of which is unknown.  相似文献   

Total serum bile acids and the bile acid profile as tests of liver function     

M. E. Parraga  J. J. Kaneko 《Veterinary research communications》1985,9(1):79-88

Total serum bile acid assay for the evaluation of liver function has been available for many years but its application has been limited primarily by factors such as methodology, equipment and cost. New and improved methods for bile acid assay such as the radioimmunoassay or the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase techniques have brought the assay for bile acids into the realm of the clinical laboratory. The efficacy of bile acids for clinical diagnostic use in the evaluation of liver function has not been firmly established. Newer methods using high pressure liquid chromatography to develop a profile of the different bile acids may clarify its usefulness and define its role among the many available tests of liver function in animals.  相似文献   

Metabolism in rats of 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid glucoside conjugates formed in plants     

Nobuyoshi Mikami  Jun Yoshimura  Hideo Kaneko  Hirohiko Yamada  Junshi Miyamoto 《Pest management science》1985,16(1):33-45

Upon single oral administration to rats, the mono-, di- and tri-glucose conjugates of [¹⁴C]-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol ( I ) or the mono-glucose conjugate of [¹⁴C]-3-phenoxybenzoic acid ( II ) were rapidly hydrolysed and extensively eliminated in the urine mostly as the sulphate conjugate of 3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid ( X ). The faecal elimination was a minor route, whereas the biliary excretion was about 42% of the dose and the glucuronide conjugates of I , II and X were common major metabolites. The biliary glucuronides were cleaved in the small intestine to the respective aglycones, which were reabsorbed, metabolised further, and excreted in the urine as the sulphate conjugate of X . Although small amounts of the mono-, di-and tri-glucosides were found in the 0.5-h blood and liver samples following oral administration of the tri-glucoside of I , they were not detected in the urine, bile or faeces. Similarly the sulphate conjugate was one of the major urinary metabolites of germ-free rats, dosed with the ¹⁴C-glucosides via the oral or the intraperitoneal route, although they were excreted unchanged in certain amounts in the urine and faeces. The glucose conjugates were cleaved in vitro by gut microflora and in various rat tissues, including blood, liver, small intestine and small intestinal mucosa. The tissue enzymes showed a different substrate specificity in hydrolysis of the glucosides. However, they were not cleaved in gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice or urine.  相似文献   

Relation of fructosamine to serum protein, albumin, and glucose concentrations in healthy and diabetic dogs.     

M Kawamoto  J J Kaneko  A A Heusner  E C Feldman  I Koizumi 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(5):851-855

The relation of the glycated serum protein, fructosamine, to serum protein, albumin, and glucose concentrations was examined in healthy dogs, dogs with hypo- or hyperproteinemia, and diabetic dogs. Fructosamine was determined by use of an adaptation of an automated kit method. The reference range for fructosamine in a composite group of control dogs was found to be 1.7 to 3.38 mmol/L (mean +/- SD, 2.54 +/- 0.42 mmol/L). Fructosamine was not correlated to serum total protein, but was highly correlated to albumin in dogs with hypoalbuminemia. To normalize the data with respect to albumin, it is suggested that the lower limit of the reference range for albumin concentration (2.5 g/dl) be used for adjustment of fructosamine concentration and only in hypoalbuminemic dogs. In 6 hyperglycemic diabetic dogs, fructosamine concentration was well above the reference range. It is concluded that although fructosamine may be a potentially useful guide to assess the average blood glucose concentration over the preceding few days in dogs, further study is required to establish its value as a guide to glucose control in diabetic dogs.  相似文献   

Pathomorphological aspects of extremely small thymuses occurring spontaneously in Thoroughbred foals     

M Oikawa  T Yoshihara  M Kaneko 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1989,51(2):437-440

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