Effective thiafentanil immobilization and physiological responses of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) in northern Sweden     

Daniela SB. Barros  Alina L. Evans  Jon M. Arnemo  Fredrik Stenbacka  Göran Ericsson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):502-509

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Prevalence of bacterial genotypes and outcome of bovine clinical mastitis due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis     

?sa Lundberg  Ann Nyman  Helle Ericsson Unnerstad  Karin Persson Waller 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1)

Background

Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis are common causes of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows. In the present study genotype variation of S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis was investigated, as well as the influence of bacterial species, or genotype within species, on the outcome of veterinary-treated CM (VTCM). Isolates of S. dysgalactiae (n = 132) and S. uberis (n = 97) were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Identical banding patterns were called pulsotypes. Outcome measurements used were cow composite SCC, milk yield, additional registered VTCMs and culling rate during a four-month follow-up period.

Results

In total, 71 S. dysgalactiae pulsotypes were identified. Nineteen of the pulsotypes were isolated from more than one herd; the remaining pulsotypes were only found once each in the material. All S. uberis isolates were of different pulsotypes. During the follow-up period, the SCC of S. dysgalactiae-cows was significantly lower than the SCC of S. uberis-cows (P <0.05). Median SCC of S. dysgalactiae-cows was 71 500 cells/ml and of S. uberis-cows 108 000 cells/ml. No other differences in outcome parameters could be identified between species or genotypes.

Conclusions

Identical S. dysgalactiae genotypes were isolated from more than one herd, suggesting some spread of this pathogen between Swedish dairy herds. The genetic variation among S. uberis isolates was substantial, and we found no evidence of spread of this pathogen between herds. The milk SCC was lower during the follow-up period if S. dysgalactiae rather than S. uberis was isolated from the case, indicating differences in treatment response between bacterial species.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-014-0080-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

Metribuzin transport in undisturbed soil cores under controlled water potential conditions: experiments and modelling to evaluate the risk of leaching in a sandy loam soil profile     

Pot V  Benoit P  Le Menn M  Eklo OM  Sveistrup T  Kvaerner J 《Pest management science》2011,67(4):397-407

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Swimming behaviour as an indicator of low growth rate and impaired welfare in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) reared at three stocking densities     

Tore S. Kristiansen  Anders Fern  Jens Christian Holm  Lucia Privitera  Stine Bakke  Jan Erik Fosseidengen 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2004,230(1-4):137-151

The Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) is a new species in Norwegian aquaculture. However, in ongrowing trials, halibut shows variable and generally poor rates of growth. The halibut is a flatfish that spends most of its time resting on the bottom, and it was hypothesized that high stocking densities with frequent social interactions could lead to behaviour changes, reduced appetite and impaired welfare. Halibut were kept in six tanks at low, medium, and high densities (18%, 54% and 112% bottom coverage). All fish were individually tagged with Trovan™ passive implant transponder (PIT) tags, allowing an antenna to register fish swimming at the surface. Swimming and feeding behaviour was also recorded by underwater video cameras. Individual growth rates were highly variable, but food consumption and growth rates fell significantly with increasing stocking density, while individual swimming activity rose with increasing density. Frequent “surface swimmers” had a significantly lower growth rate than fish that were seldom recorded by the PIT antennae. Surface swimming may therefore be an indicator of suboptimal growth rates and impaired welfare in reared halibut.  相似文献   

Modelling current speed and carrying capacity in long-line blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) farms     

Jan Aure  Tore Strohmeier  & Øivind Strand 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(3):304-312

The development of the mussel (Mytilus edulis) farming industry in Norway is based on suspended long‐line culture, and large areas of the coast are potentially suitable for farming. Norwegian fjords and coastal waters are regarded as oligotrophic environments in comparison with sites where most studies on mussel feeding on natural seston have been carried out. High mussel culture densities in oligotrophic water may cause seston depletion, resulting in low growth or tissue wasting due to reduced feeding and negative net energy balance. In this paper we present a carrying capacity model based on rate conditional processes, balanced against flushing and with emphasis on flow reduction as a function of farm design. The model is based on assumptions that friction forces are a function of geometric shape of the channel made up by the suspended mussel ropes as vertical boundaries and it quantifies carrying capacity according to information of farm length, space between long lines, seston concentration and background current speed and the relative importance of these factors. Estimates of how stocking density in mussel farming can be optimized in relation to the food supply (i.e. carrying capacity) are crucial to production management decisions, and the model may provide predictors for decisions regarding new site selection or expansion of existing operations.  相似文献   

Phenotypic response of a cohort of Ostrea chilensis (Philippi 1845) to differing environmental conditions in three oyster farms in southern Chile     

J E Tore 《Aquaculture Research》1996,27(1):1-7

Offspring from a mass spawning of the Chilean oyster Ostrea chilensis (Philippi) were reared in three locations, at two depths and three densities along the east coast of Chiloé Island, southern Chile, to test for the presence of genotype-environment interaction for growth rate and the effect of environmental variables on shell growth. Site, density and depth effects and their interactions upon shell length variation at 26 months of age were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). These results indicate that sibling oysters perform differently in different environments, densities and depths. The shell length of O. chilensis in the three different environments may be limited by food supply when the abiotic variables are in the range of tolerance for the species. Salinity was the most important factor limiting the shell growth of O. chilensis in the Quempillén estuary. Thus, in breeding programmes, it is recommended that the testing of stocks and their offsprings’performance should be carried out on the farm to ensure that the selection criteria are valid.  相似文献   

Conceptualization and Measurement of Catch-and-Release Norms     

Anders Kagervall  Thomas A. Heberlein  Gustav Hellström  Göran Ericsson 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2014,19(2):139-153

We used a structural model to describe social norms that identify an emerging catch-and-release norm. The norm for the entire sample of anglers showed low intensity and consensus, suggesting no general norm. However, a cluster analysis of ratings for keeping all or proportions of fish identified three clusters with different norms toward catch-and-release. The first cluster (25%) supported catch-and-release, the second (23%) was against, and the third (52%) had a mixed norm. Preferences for an individual’s own behavior serve as a personal norm motivating individual actions, and aggregate preferences provide a social standard for each cluster. This analysis helps bridge the divide between the standards and motivational approaches to norms. Those with a personal catch-and-release norm differed in age, technique, species preference, and catch-orientation attitudes. The age effect suggests a cohort influence where the norm spreads as younger anglers replace older anglers.  相似文献   

Farming practices in Sweden related to feeding milk and colostrum from cows treated with antimicrobials to dairy calves     

Anna Duse  Karin Persson Waller  Ulf Emanuelson  Helle Ericsson Unnerstad  Ylva Persson  Bj?rn Bengtsson 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2013,55(1):49

Background

Milk produced by cows in receipt of antimicrobial therapy may contain antimicrobial residues. Such antimicrobial-containing waste milk must be withdrawn from human consumption and is therefore sometimes used as calf feed. Unfortunately, this approach might promote selection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the calves’ intestinal microbiota. The objectives of this study were therefore to obtain an overview of waste milk feeding practices on Swedish dairy farms and to investigate if these practices were associated with certain farm characteristics. A representative group of 457 Swedish dairy farmers participated in a web-based survey with questions about the use of colostrum and milk from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry off or during lactation, respectively, as calf feed.

Results

Colostrum (milk from the first milking after calving) and transition milk (milk from the second milking to the fourth day after calving) from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry off was fed to calves on 89% and 85% of the farms in the study, respectively. When antimicrobial therapy was given to cows during lactation, 56% of the farms fed milk that was produced during the course of treatment to calves, whereas milk that was produced during the subsequent withdrawal period was fed to calves on 79% of the farms. Surveyed farmers were less prone to feed such milk if the antimicrobial therapy was due to mastitis than other infections. In Sweden, a majority of antimicrobial treatments during lactation are systemic administration of benzylpenicillin and thus, the bulk of waste milk in Sweden is likely to contain residues of this drug. Feeding waste milk to calves was more common on non-organic farms, and on farms located in Southern Sweden, and was less common on farms with cows housed in cold free stalls barns.

Conclusions

Waste milk that may contain antimicrobial residues is, at least occasionally, used as feed for calves on a majority of surveyed Swedish dairy farms. Future work should focus on the effect of waste milk feeding on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the calves’ intestinal microbiota.  相似文献   

Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish     

Martins CI  Galhardo L  Noble C  Damsgård B  Spedicato MT  Zupa W  Beauchaud M  Kulczykowska E  Massabuau JC  Carter T  Planellas SR  Kristiansen T 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2012,38(1):17-41

Behaviour represents a reaction to the environment as fish perceive it and is therefore a key element of fish welfare. This review summarises the main findings on how behavioural changes have been used to assess welfare in farmed fish, using both functional and feeling-based approaches. Changes in foraging behaviour, ventilatory activity, aggression, individual and group swimming behaviour, stereotypic and abnormal behaviour have been linked with acute and chronic stressors in aquaculture and can therefore be regarded as likely indicators of poor welfare. On the contrary, measurements of exploratory behaviour, feed anticipatory activity and reward-related operant behaviour are beginning to be considered as indicators of positive emotions and welfare in fish. Despite the lack of scientific agreement about the existence of sentience in fish, the possibility that they are capable of both positive and negative emotions may contribute to the development of new strategies (e.g. environmental enrichment) to promote good welfare. Numerous studies that use behavioural indicators of welfare show that behavioural changes can be interpreted as either good or poor welfare depending on the fish species. It is therefore essential to understand the species-specific biology before drawing any conclusions in relation to welfare. In addition, different individuals within the same species may exhibit divergent coping strategies towards stressors, and what is tolerated by some individuals may be detrimental to others. Therefore, the assessment of welfare in a few individuals may not represent the average welfare of a group and vice versa. This underlines the need to develop on-farm, operational behavioural welfare indicators that can be easily used to assess not only the individual welfare but also the welfare of the whole group (e.g. spatial distribution). With the ongoing development of video technology and image processing, the on-farm surveillance of behaviour may in the near future represent a low-cost, noninvasive tool to assess the welfare of farmed fish.  相似文献   

Can liming reduce barium uptake by agricultural plants grown on sandy soil?          下载免费PDF全文

Mona B. Myrvang  Marina A. Bleken  Tore Krogstad  Michael Heim  Elin Gjengedal 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2016,179(4):557-565

Uptake of barium (Ba) from soil by vascular plants varies among species. Despite the toxicity of soluble Ba compounds to plants, research on mechanisms controlling Ba uptake from natural soils is scarce. This study investigated the treatment effect of lime (CaCO₃) added to a sandy soil containing a total of 500 mg Ba kg^?1 on uptake and interspecies distribution of Ba in legumes and other cultivated food and feed plants. Nine species of grasses, vegetables, herbs, and legumes were cultivated under controlled conditions in a greenhouse experiment. The plants were harvested at maturity or flowering, dried, milled, and digested with nitric acid using the microwave technique prior to ICP‐MS analysis. All plant species acquired Ba from the soil in considerable amounts, probably due to low Ba adsorption potential of the sandy soil. Shoot tissue concentrations ranged from about 100 (grass) to 600 mg Ba kg^?1 (legume) and root concentrations from about 100 (tuber vegetable) to 700 mg kg^?1 (legume). Vicia cracca L. (bird vetch) showed an accumulation capacity due to high shoot concentrations of Ba compared to the other species. Higher yield accompanied by a potential dilution effect can partly explain why Trifolium repens L. (white clover), Pisum sativum ssp. arvénse L. (gray pea) and Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) did not display the highest Ba concentrations, but showed the highest Ba uptake from soil. High plant uptake of calcium (Ca) also seemed to enhance Ba uptake, by legumes in particular. However, liming reduced shoot Ba concentrations, particularly of species with low affinity for Ca. The risk of Ba accumulation thus raises toxicity concerns when forage legumes are cultivated in soils containing elevated concentrations of Ba.  相似文献