A distributed hydro-environmental watershed model with three-zoned cell profiling   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Junichiro Takeuchi  Toshihiko Kawachi  Koichi Unami  Shigeya Maeda  Tomoki Izumi 《Paddy and Water Environment》2009,7(1):33-43

A cell-based distributed watershed model is developed which enables us to simulate the hydrological and hydraulic aspects of the watershed in a refined fashion. With three-zoned cell profiling, the model is composed of three sub-models; tank model for a surface water zone, soil moisture model for a surface soil zone, and unconfined shallow groundwater flow model for a subsurface zone. Inclusion of the soil moisture sub-model modified to reroute the infiltration, routed from the tank sub-model, into the return flow and the groundwater recharge features the model. The groundwater flow sub-model, numerically approximated by use of the finite volume method and the implicit time-marching scheme, considers a network of on-farm drainage canals as internal boundaries, which is an essential need for modeling the watershed including farmlands. Cascade-linking of the three sub-models in a cell and assembling of all the cells over the entire watershed domain provides the global equations system to be solved. Applicability of the model is demonstrated with its practical application to a real watershed in that paddy and upland crop fields take great part of the land-use practice. It is then indicated in a quantified manner that rice farming significantly contribute as a major groundwater recharger in an irrigation period to fostering and conservation of regional water resources. Along with appropriately profiling a cell, the model is so versatile and tough that it can be applied without difficulty to a watershed of diverse terrains and land-uses and the computations can stably be carried out. It is thus concluded that the model presently developed could be a powerful “watershed simulator” to investigate and assess the time-varying hydro-environmental properties of a watershed while separating and integrating the hydrological and hydraulic components of particular importance.  相似文献   

Role of buffalo in the socioeconomic development of rural Asia: Current status and future prospectus   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Amarjit Singh NANDA  Toshihiko NAKAO 《Animal Science Journal》2003,74(6):443-455

Buffalo has been an integral part of livestock agriculture in Asia for over 5000 years producing draft power, milk, meat and hides. Even today, 153 million buffalo provide 76 734 759 t of milk and 3 089 875 t of meat, and in several countries, up to 30% of the draft power for agricultural operations. Unfortunately, however, the species did not receive the attention of the policy makers and the researchers in accordance with its merits, which resulted in buffalo population decline in several eastern Asian countries. The present review highlights the importance of buffalo to the economic and social fabric, especially of the small and landless rural poor, of several countries in Asia. Some major national and international efforts being made to improve buffalo production have also been cited.  相似文献   

Software development for estimating the concentration of radioactive cesium in the skeletal muscles of cattle from blood samples          下载免费PDF全文

Tomokazu Fukuda  Masahiro Hiji  Yasushi Kino  Yasuyuki Abe  Hideaki Yamashiro  Jin Kobayashi  Yoshinaka Shimizu  Atsushi Takahashi  Toshihiko Suzuki  Mirei Chiba  Kazuya Inoue  Yoshikazu Kuwahara  Motoko Morimoto  Masafumi Katayama  Kenichiro Donai  Hisashi Shinoda  Tsutomu Sekine  Manabu Fukumoto  Emiko Isogai 《Animal Science Journal》2016,87(6):842-847

The 2011 earthquake severely damaged the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP), resulting in the release of large quantities of radioactive material into the environment. The deposition of these radionuclides in rice straw as livestock feed led to the circulation of contaminated beef in the market. Based on the safety concern of the consumers, a reliable method for estimating concentrations of radioactive cesium in muscle tissue is needed. In this study, we analyzed the concentrations of radioactive cesium in the blood and skeletal muscle of 88 cattle, and detected a linear correlation between them. We then developed software that can be used to estimate radioactive cesium concentrations in muscle tissue from blood samples. Distribution of this software to the livestock production field would allow us to easily identify high‐risk cattle, which would be beyond the safety regulation, before shipping out to the market. This software is planned to be released as freeware. This software would contribute to food safety, and aid the recovery of the livestock industry from the damage creacted by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.  相似文献   

Morphological and photosynthetic responses of Quercus crispula seedlings to high-light conditions     

Matsuki S  Ogawa K  Tanaka A  Hara T 《Tree physiology》2003,23(11):769-775

We investigated morphological and photosynthetic responses of current-year seedlings of oak (Quercus crispula Blume) under high-light conditions. Quercus crispula seedlings were grown from seed in a relative photosynthetically active photon flux density (RPPFD) of 100, 10 or 2%. There was no difference in total dry mass between 100 and 10% RPPFD. At the end of the growing season, plants grown in 2% RPPFD had a lower total dry mass than those grown in 100 or 10% RPPFD. Seedlings grown in 100% RPPFD showed morphological acclimation, i.e., high root/shoot ratios and high leaf mass per area. De-epoxidation level in the xanthophyll cycle and activity of an antioxidant enzyme were highest in 100% RPPFD, but total chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate were highest in 10% RPPFD. These results indicate that excess photons were generated in 100% RPPFD, leading to increased capacities for dissipation of received light energy through the xanthophyll cycle and for scavenging of reactive oxygen species through the water-water cycle. Nevertheless, a midday decrease in dark-adapted quantum yield of photosystem II (F(v)/F(m)) indicated that seedlings grown in 100% RPPFD were suffering from photoinhibition. We conclude that Q. crispula current-year seedlings have high morphological acclimation to high light but that photosynthetic efficiency cannot be maintained under high-light conditions even with a photoprotection system.  相似文献   

Generation of radial growth stresses in the big rays of konara oak trees     

I.?BurgertEmail author  T.?Okuyama  H.?Yamamoto 《Journal of Wood Science》2003,49(2):131-134

 In previous models the distribution of radial tensile stresses in the tree trunk has been explained as a response to the mechanisms of growth stress generation in the longitudinal and tangential directions. We investigated the contribution of ray tissue to growth stress generation in the tree trunk by the origin of the radial stresses during differentiation of parenchyma cells. Measurements on three konara oak trees (Quercus serrata Thunb.) were carried out comparing the radial residual strain of big oak rays with the radial residual strain of the axial tissues (containing only uniseriate rays). The results indicated that the ray tissue generated tensile growth stress in the radial direction of the trunk (the axial direction of the parenchyma cells). In contrast to previous assumptions, the growth stresses seem to be variable in relation to the individual tissue types. The mechanical advantage of a radially prestraining effect of the rays is discussed for the living tree. Received: October 9, 2001 / Accepted: April 22, 2002 Acknowledgments This research was carried out during a 2-month short-term stay of the first author at Nagoya University. The financial and organizational support by Monbusho Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. Correspondence to:I. Burgert  相似文献   

Relaxation mechanism of residual stress inside logs by heat treatment: choosing the heating time and temperature   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Nogi  H. Yamamoto  T. Okuyama 《Journal of Wood Science》2003,49(1):0022-0028

 Some methods to reduce residual stress inside logs have been reported, although the conditions for stress relaxation are not yet clarified. Our study using precise experiments revealed that residual stress relaxation occurs only when both heat and moisture exist inside the logs. We then determined the heating time and temperature required to relax the residual stress inside the logs. Short air-drying treatments did not relax residual stress even though free water in the logs was greatly reduced. The residual stress of the 33-h 80°C-heated bolts was relaxed, whereas that of the 48-h 70°C-heated bolts was not. As for the influence of treatment time, bolts heated at 100°C were relaxed after 18 h of treatment. The 13-h heated bolts did not show any relaxation. Therefore, residual stress relaxation occurred rapidly owing to the thermomechanical change of the individual wood components comprising the cell wall. The moisture content inside all the bolts was much higher than the fiber saturation point. This is because relaxation occurs only when the heating temperature is maintained above 80°C for a particular duration of treatment. Received: December 12, 2001 / Accepted: February 18, 2002 Present address: Institute for Structural and Engineering Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology, Independent Administrative Institution, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan Tel. +81-52-736-7320; Fax +81-52-736-7419 e-mail: m.nogi@aist.go.jp Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000 Correspondence to:M. Nogi  相似文献   

Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls: Relation between longitudinal released strain and chemical composition     

K. Sugiyama  T. Okuyama  H. Yamamoto  M. Yoshida 《Wood Science and Technology》1993,27(4):257-262

Summary To advance the discussion on the evolution mechanism of tree growth stresses, the relation between released strain and the chemical components was investigated experimentally. The expansive released strain in the longitudinal direction assumed large values as the lignin content increased in the compression wood, but there was no relation between released strain and lignin content in the normal wood region. The contractive released strain assumed large values as the cellulose content and its crystallinity increased. Their correlation was very high and clear. From these facts, it is considered that the lignin deposition plays an important role in the generation of the growth stresses in compression wood but is not important in normal or tension wood regions. Cellulose microfibrils contract along their longitudinal axis during cell maturation, and the stress included by the contraction creates a longitudinal growth stress in normal and tension woods.The authors thank Prof. R. R. Archer, University of Massachusetts, for his valuable advice. A part of this research was supported by a grant under the Monbusho International Scientific Research Program  相似文献   

The effect of day length on diurnal differences in the innermost surface of the S2 layer in differentiating tracheids     

Yoshihiro Hosoo  Masato Yoshida  Takanori Imai  Takashi Okuyama 《Journal of Wood Science》2005,51(4):323-327

This article describes the effect of day length during the photoperiodic cycle on the diurnal differences in the innermost surface of developing secondary walls. Saplings of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. were grown in growth chambers at constant temperature and relative humidity, but with different photoperiods. Samples of differentiating xylem were collected during the light and dark periods. The innermost surface of developing secondary walls in differentiating tracheids were observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, and observations made during the light and dark periods were compared. In the saplings grown under long-day or short-day conditions, diurnal differences in aspects of the innermost surface of developing secondary walls were observed. Cellulose microfibrils were observed on the innermost surface of developing secondary walls during the light period when the volumes of differentiating cells were low, and amorphous material was observed during the dark period, when differentiating tracheids were turgid. The amorphous material was labeled with antiglucomannan antiserum. These results suggest that the range of day-length conditions set in this study does not affect the diurnal periodicity in the supply of cell wall components to the innermost surface of developing secondary walls.  相似文献   

The generation of longitudinal maturation stress in wood is not dependent on diurnal changes in diameter of trunk     

Tancrède Alméras  Masato Yoshida  Takashi Okuyama 《Journal of Wood Science》2006,52(5):452-455

A hypothetical mechanism for the generation of maturation stress in wood was tested experimentally. The hypothesis was that the maturation stress could partly originate in a physical mechanism related to daily changes in water pressure and associated diurnal strains. The matrix of lignin and hemicellulose, deposited in the cell wall during the night, would be put in compression by the effect of water tension during the next day. The cellulose framework, crystallizing during the day, would be put in tension by the decrease in tension at night and subsequent cell-wall swelling. This was tested on young saplings of sugi and beech. Half of the saplings were submitted to continuous lighting, which canceled diurnal strains. Saplings were tilted 40 degrees, and their uprighting movement was measured. The uprighting movement is directly due to the production of reaction wood and the concomitant development of large longitudinal maturation stress. It occurred in the continuously lighted plants at least as much as in control plants. We conclude that the generation of longitudinal maturation stress in tension or compression wood is not directly related to variations in water pressure and diurnal strains.  相似文献   

Effects of griseoviridin and viridogrisein against swine dysentery in experimental infection by using mice and pigs     

Asano T  Adachi Y 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(6):555-560

Griseoviridin, a known antibiotic produced by Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi, was found to be active against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae--the bacterium causing swine dysentery. An in vitro synergism is observed when it is used in combination with viridogrisein--a simultaneously produced antibiotic. In mouse experiments, the effect of griseoviridin alone was less than that of lincomycin--a commercially available swine dysentery medication. However, a 1:1 mixture of griseoviridin and viridogrisein revealed a noticeable synergistic effect. In an evaluation using pigs artificially infected with B. hyodysenteriae, a large difference was not observed between the effect of griseoviridin alone and that in combination with viridogrisein. Nevertheless, griseoviridin alone exhibited a therapeutic effect superior to that of lincomycin.  相似文献