Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,inoculum level and phosphorus placement on growth and phosphorus uptake of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllanthus calycinus</Emphasis> under jarrah forest soil     

Zakaria M. Solaiman  Lynette K. Abbott 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2008,44(6):815-821

Phosphorus uptake and biomass production may vary between arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) species of contrasting life cycles and their modes of interaction with host plants. This research investigated differences among three AM fungi from different genera isolated from the jarrah forest with respect to their colonisation, biomass production and P uptake over time. The understorey plant Phyllanthus calycinus, has been shown to be extensively mycorrhizal. We examined differences in the capacity of fungi associated with this plant to access a P point source from increasing distances from the root. The methodology simulated “pockets” of P in forest soil. Phosphorus sources in root-exclusion mesh bags were inserted 2, 4 and 6 cm from plant roots restrained in separate mesh bags. Acaulospora laevis colonised plants to the greatest extent, producing higher plant biomass and P uptake compared to the other two fungi. Plant biomass and P uptake were enhanced where P sources were closest to the root, as expected, but there were differences among fungi in response to level of inoculum used for each fungus. The capacity of individual AM fungi to access a point source of P at different distances varied in a highly mycorrhizal native forest understorey plant in parallel with plant growth and P uptake.  相似文献   

Growth and nutrient uptake of temperate perennial pastures are influenced by grass species and fertilisation with a microbial consortium inoculant     

Sangay Tshewang  Zed Rengel  Kadambot H. M. Siddique  Zakaria M. Solaiman 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2020,183(4):530-538

Background: The low fertility of sandy soils in South‐Western Australia is challenging for the establishment of temperate perennial pastures. Aims: To assess whether microbial consortium inoculant may improve plant growth by increasing nutrient supply, root biomass and nutrient uptake capacity. Methods: Five temperate perennial pasture grasses–cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Howlong), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Atlas PG), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L. cv. Prosper), tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum L. cv. Dundas), and veldt grass (Ehrharta calycina Sm. cv. Mission) were tested in a controlled environment on the growth and nutrition with the microbial consortium inoculant and rock mineral fertiliser. Results: Veldt grass produced the highest shoot and root growth, while tall fescue yielded the lowest. Rock mineral fertiliser with or without microbial consortium inoculant significantly increased root and shoot biomass production across the grass species. The benefit of microbial consortium inoculation applied in conjunction with rock mineral fertiliser was significant regarding shoot N content in tall wheatgrass, cocksfoot and tall fescue. Shoot P and K concentrations also increased in the five grass species by microbial consortium inoculation combined with rock mineral fertiliser in comparison with the control treatment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonisation decreased with rock mineral fertilisation with or without microbial consortium inoculant except in cocksfoot. Conclusions: The response to microbial consortium inoculation, either alone or in combination with rock mineral fertiliser, was plant species‐dependent, indicating its potential use in pasture production.  相似文献   

Utilisation of Rubber Wood Shavings for the Removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) from Aqueous Solution     

Nordiana Nordin  Zainul Akmar Zakaria  Wan Azlina Ahmad 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(4):1649-1659

The potential of heat and chemically treated rubber wood shavings (RWS) to remove Cu(II) and Ni(II) was evaluated at bench-scale by varying parameters such as initial Cu(II) and Ni(II) concentrations, contact time and adsorbent dosage. Maximum Cu(II) and Ni(II) uptake was achieved using NaOH-treated RWS after 5 h of contact time, pH 5.0 (Cu), 5.5 (Ni) and 6.0 (mixed-metal solution), initial Cu(II) and Ni(II) of 100 mg L^?1 and RWS dosage of 0.3% (w/v). Point of zero charge (pH_PZC) value of 4.35 suggests the appropriateness of pH range used. Higher Cu(II) and Ni(II) adsorption following NaOH treatment was due to smaller average pore diameter (34.63 Å), higher mesopore content and higher surface negativity charge. EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of Cu and Ni on the surface of the RWS. The importance of carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups during Cu(II) and Ni(II) removal is supported by the FTIR analysis and good correlation (R ² of 0.96–0.99) with the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model. The results indicate the potential of using RWS as an alternative adsorbent to remove Cu(II) and Ni(II) from industrial wastewaters.  相似文献   

Fusarium commune associated with wilt and root rot disease in rice     

Asmaul Husna  Latiffah Zakaria  Nik M. I. Mohamed Nor 《Plant pathology》2021,70(1):123-132

Wilt and root rot disease in plants has been caused mainly by Fusarium species. Previous studies reported that members of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) were usually associated with this disease, but there has been no report of it being caused in rice by specific Fusarium species. However, in this study, Fusarium commune was identified and characterized as a causal agent of wilt and root rot disease of rice. Four Fusarium isolates (BD005R, BD014R, BD019R, and BD020R) were obtained from different parts (root, stem, and seeds) of diseased rice plants. In morphological studies, these isolates produced key characteristics of F. commune, such as long and slender monophialides, polyphialides, and abundant chlamydospores. In molecular studies, the isolates were identified as F. commune based on sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) gene that had 99.7%–100% sequence identity with the reference strain F. commune NRRL 28058. The phylogenetic tree showed that all four isolates belonged to the F. commune clade. A mating type test determined that three isolates carried MAT1-2. Their teleomorph stage was still unknown. Pathogenicity assays showed that all the isolates produced wilt and root rot symptoms and the isolate BD019R was observed as the most virulent among the isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. commune causing wilt and root rot disease on rice.  相似文献   

Molecular characterization of the surface glycoprotein genes of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses detected in Iran in 2011     

Ebrahim Kord  Amir Kaffashi  Hadi Ghadakchi  Fatemeh Eshratabadi  Zakaria Bameri  Abdelhamed Shoushtari 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(3):549-554

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus is causing the death of a large number of wild birds and poultry. HPAI H5N1 was reported in the north of Iran in 2011. In this study, two A/Chicken/Iran/271/2011 and A/Duck/Iran/178/2011 viruses were genetically characterized by sequence analysis of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses were different from previous Iranian isolates (Clade 2.2) and belonged to the subclade 2.3.2.1. The results showed that the detected viruses are almost identical to each other and closely related to HPAI H5N1 strains isolated in Mongolia in 2010. Based on the amino acid sequence analysis, these viruses at their HA cleavage sites contained the multibasic amino acid motif PQRERRRK-R/GLF lacking a lysine residue compared with the previous reports of the same motif. There is also a 20-amino acid deletion (resides 49–69) in the NA stalk similar to other viruses isolated after 2000. It seems that introduction of HPAI H5N1 to Iran might have happened by wild birds from Mongolian origin virus.  相似文献   

Alternaria eichhorniae, a biological control agent for waterhyacinth: mycoherbicidal formulation and physiological and ultrastructural host responses     

Yasser M. Shabana  Zakaria A.M. Baka  Gamal M. Abdel-Fattah 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1997,103(2):99-111

The bioherbicidal efficacy of different alginate formulations of Alternaria eichhorniae 5 (isolate Ae5), a virulent Egyptian isolate, was compared on waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The fungus was formulated as alginate pellets containing mycelium alone, mycelium plus culture filtrate or culture filtrate alone. Each formulation was applied with and without a hydrophilic humectant (Evergreen 500). These formulations were evaluated for disease incidence (DI), and disease severity (DS). Maximum DS, but not DI, was obtained with the alginate pellets of mycelium plus culture filtrate. Alginate formulations supplemented with the hydrophilic polymer were more effective in promoting disease. Physiological changes associated with the treated waterhyacinth plants were determined 3, 6 and 9 days after treatment. Waterhyacinth plants treated with alginate pellets of mycelium plus culture filtrate of Ae5 had the lowest levels of pigments, carbohydrates and relative water content. Infection of waterhyacinth with Ae5 led to a significant increase in total phenols of leaves as compared to control. Penetration of waterhyacinth leaves by the fungus occurred only through the stomata, and the invading hyphae were located in the intercellular spaces of leaf tissues. Cytological changes noted in infected cells included changes in chloroplast, nucleus and mitochondria. Invagination of the plasma membrane, particularly at plasmodesmata was also noticed in infected cells. The associations between the infection process, the physiological disorder and the ultrastructure of infected leaves are discussed.  相似文献   

Characterization of Lasiodiplodia species causing leaf blight,stem rot and fruit rot of fig (Ficus carica) in Malaysia     

Abdul Omar Nur-Shakirah  Mohd Safie Khadijah  Yee Jia Kee  Abd Rahim Huda-Shakirah  Abu Bakar Mohd Hafifi  Yakath Ali Nurul-Aliyaa  Bee Lynn Chew  Latiffah Zakaria  Nik Mohd Izham Mohamed Nor  Subramaniam Sreeramanan  Yin-Hui Leong  Masratul Hawa Mohd 《Plant pathology》2022,71(7):1594-1605

Fig (Ficus carica) is an exotic deciduous plant that is grown worldwide. Fungal diseases pose a major threat to fig plants, affecting their fruit quality and production. This study was conducted to characterize the fungal isolates associated with leaf blight, stem rot and fruit rot of F. carica in Malaysia through morphological analysis, DNA sequencing, multigene phylogenetic analysis and pathogenicity tests. From September 2018 to March 2019, 30 blighted leaves and 30 rotted stems and fruits of F. carica were collected from several nurseries in Malaysia. Thirty fungal isolates that belonged to Lasiodiplodia theobromae (27 isolates) and L. brasiliensis (three isolates) were identified based on morphological characteristics, comparison of DNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation translation factor 1-α (tef1-α), β-tubulin (tub2) and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2). Among the 27 isolates of L. theobromae, nine isolates were obtained from leaves, eight isolates from stems and 10 isolates from fruits, whereas the three isolates of L. brasiliensis were obtained from stems (two isolates) and a leaf (one isolate). The results of pathogenicity tests revealed that L. theobromae and L. brasiliensis isolates were responsible for leaf blight and stem rot of F. carica, whereas fruit rot was caused by L. theobromae isolates. The present study highlighted two different species, L. theobromae and L. brasiliensis, as the causal agents of leaf blight and stem rot of F. carica. Additionally, L. theobromae caused fruit rot of F. carica in Malaysia.  相似文献   

Evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> water stress tolerance among EMS — Induced variants of banana (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa</Emphasis> spp., AAA), using “morphological,physiological and molecular” traits     

Siamak Shirani Bidabadi  Maziah Mahmood  Sariah Meon  Zakaria Wahab  Cyrus Ghobadi 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2011,14(4):255-263

Water stress is a serious environmental restriction to banana productivity. Hence, the objective of this study was to employ in vitro mutagenesis in selection and characterization of drought tolerant lines in banana. In vitro culture responses of ethyl methanesulphonate induced variants of banana cultivars, ‘Berangan Intan’ and ‘Berangan’ were assessed concerning morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics involving mutated shoot tips on MS medium supplemented with 30 g L⁻¹ PEG. The results showed that water stress tolerant lines could be obtained from induced variations. Variants L_2–5 and L_1–5 showed the highest number of leaves per shoot (2.37 and 2.06, respectively) and the lowest were recorded in the parental lines L_1-1 and L_2-1 (0.81 and 0.93, respectively). Fresh weight and shoot vigor rate indicated the maximum increase in the water stress tolerant lines compared with susceptible and non-mutated parental lines. L_2–5 exhibited the most increase in the chlorophyll and the most reduction in H₂O₂ and MDA contents when exposed to water stress. Under PEG treatment, proline and relative water content was enhanced in L_1–5, L_2–5, L_2–6, L_1–6, L_2–3, L_2–4, and L_1–4. RAPD analysis revealed polymorphism (18.35 and 21.48%) among variants derived from ‘Berangan Intan’ and ‘Berangan’, respectively. The amplified fragments generated by primers opc01, opc04, opa11, and opa20 observed to be specific for L_2–5 and L_1–5 as more tolerant followed by L_2–3, L_1–4, L_2–6, and L_1–6 as moderately tolerant lines against water stress. This study demonstrates the application of in vitro mutagenesis in selection of water stress tolerant lines of banana as a convenient, cheap, and rapid technique.  相似文献   

The conservation value of oil palm plantation estates, smallholdings and logged peat swamp forest for birds     

Badrul Azhar  David B. LindenmayerJeff Wood  Joern FischerAdrian Manning  Chris McElhinnyMohamed Zakaria 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(12):2306-2315

The expansion of industrial oil palm cultivation threatens tropical biodiversity globally, especially in developing countries. Driven by plans to generate economic revenue, large-scale plantations are emerging in Southeast Asia, Africa and Brazilian Amazon. However, the ecological impacts of the sector are poorly studied with respect to oil palm management system, and recommended conservation measures are based on limited data. We studied avifauna in oil palm landscapes in Peninsular Malaysia under different management systems (large plantation estates versus smallholdings) and age classes (uniform age versus mixed-age stands). We sampled 41 large plantation estates and 14 smallholdings, as well as 20 sites in an extensively logged peat swamp forest, the type of natural forest prior to conversion to oil palms. Compared with logged peat swamp forest, our results showed that forest conversion to oil palm cultivation may have eliminated 48-60% of bird species. We also found: (i) plantation estates and smallholdings supported similar bird assemblages but the latter supported significantly more species (P = 0.007); and (ii) despite reduced species richness in oil palm landscapes, we found high abundance of some individual bird species in specific types of stands including some forest, migratory, and wetland species. Conversion of natural forest to oil palm landscapes should not occur in the future through clearing of primary or secondary native forests. To complement conventional conservation approaches (e.g. the establishment of protected areas) in palm oil-producing countries, existing plantation estates and smallholdings should be managed in ways to promote improved conservation outcomes, although oil palm landscapes maintained a fraction of the original forest biodiversity. Managing habitat heterogeneity at both a local and a landscape-level is highly recommended in oil palm landscapes to maintain and/or enhance avian biodiversity.  相似文献   

Biochars immobilize soil cadmium, but do not improve growth of emergent wetland species Juncus subsecundus in cadmium-contaminated soil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhenhua Zhang  Zakaria M. Solaiman  Kathy Meney  Daniel V. Murphy  Zed Rengel 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(1):140-151

Purpose

An addition of biochar mixed into the substrate of constructed wetlands may alleviate toxicity of metals such as cadmium (Cd) to emergent wetland plants, leading to a better performance in terms of pollutant removal from wastewater. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of biochars on soil Cd immobilization and phytoavailability, growth of plants, and Cd concentration, accumulation, and translocation in plant tissues in Cd-contaminated soils under waterlogged conditions.

Materials and methods

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochars derived from different organic sources (pyrolysis of oil mallee plants or wheat chaff at 550 °C) with varied application amounts (0, 0.5, and 5 % w/w) on mitigating Cd (0, 10, and 50 mg kg^?1) toxicity to Juncus subsecundus under waterlogged soil condition. Soil pH and CaCl₂/EDTA-extractable soil Cd were determined before and after plant growth. Plant shoot number and height were monitored during the experiment. The total root length and dry weight of aboveground and belowground tissues were recorded. The concentration of Cd in plant tissues was determined.

Results and discussion

After 3 weeks of soil incubation, pH increased and CaCl₂-extractable Cd decreased significantly with biochar additions. After 9 weeks of plant growth, biochar additions significantly increased soil pH and electrical conductivity and reduced CaCl₂-extractable Cd. EDTA-extractable soil Cd significantly decreased with biochar additions (except for oil mallee biochar at the low application rate) in the high-Cd treatment, but not in the low-Cd treatment. Growth and biomass significantly decreased with Cd additions, and biochar additions did not significantly improve plant growth regardless of biochar type or application rate. The concentration, accumulation, and translocation of Cd in plants were significantly influenced by the interaction of Cd and biochar treatments. The addition of biochars reduced Cd accumulation, but less so Cd translocation in plants, at least in the low-Cd-contaminated soils.

Conclusions

Biochars immobilized soil Cd, but did not improve growth of the emergent wetland plant species at the early growth stage, probably due to the interaction between biochars and waterlogged environment. Further study is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.  相似文献