dl‐methionine enrichment in diets fed to Atlantic salmon increases apparent digestibility     

Marit Espe  Bjørn Liaset  Ernst Morten Hevrøy  Adel El‐Mowafi 《Aquaculture Research》2011,42(8):1123-1130

In the current study, we tested whether the addition of a small amount of crystalline dl ‐methionine to a fishmeal‐based diet would affect general sulphur metabolism and apparent digestibility in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Triplicate tanks of salmon with mean BW of half a kilo were fed a control diet or the control diet supplemented with 0.2 wt%dl ‐methionine (+17% methionine relative to control diet) for a period of 3 months. Feed intake and thus nutrient intake did not differ significantly between treatments. Fish fed the diet supplemented with dl ‐methionine had 18% higher mean intake of methionine. The apparent energy digestibility was significantly improved in the salmon fed the methionine‐enriched diet as was the methionine digestibility. Salmon fed the methionine‐supplemented diet had about 32% higher plasma‐free methionine concentration and 25% more total homocysteine 5 h post prandial. No difference was observed in hepatic‐free methionine, but hepatic cystathionine (～62%) and taurine (～20%) were significantly higher in fish fed the methionine‐enriched diet due to a higher transsulphuration. In the liver, taurine might be conjugated to bile acids (BAs), and conjugation of BAs increases their solubility and enhances their biliary secretion affecting the digestibility. Both faecal and plasma BA concentrations were elevated in fish fed the methionine‐enriched diet, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Taken together, our data show that feeding salmon a fishmeal‐based diet supplemented with a small amount of crystalline dl ‐methionine increased the apparent energy digestibility, possibly through an increased liver transsulphuration and taurine production, which might enhance BA conjugation and biliary secretion.  相似文献   

Deficit irrigation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in a sub-humid climate     

Ali Osman Demir  Abdurrahim Tanju Göksoy  Hakan Büyükcangaz  Zeki Metin Turan  Eyüp Selim Köksal 《Irrigation Science》2006,24(4):279-289

The response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to 14 irrigation treatments in a sub-humid environment (Bursa, Turkey) was studied in the field for two seasons. A rainfed (non-irrigated) treatment as the control and 13 irrigation treatments with full and 12 different deficit irrigations were applied to the hybrid Sanbro (Novartis Seed Company) planted on clay soil, at three critical development stages: heading (H), flowering (F) and milk ripening (M). The yield increased with irrigation water amount, and the highest seed yield (3.95 t ha⁻¹) and oil yield (1.78 t ha⁻¹) were obtained from the HFM treatment (full irrigation at three stages); 82.9 and 85.4% increases, respectively, compared to the control. Evapotranspiration (ET) increased with increased amounts of irrigation water supplied. The highest seasonal ET (average of 652 mm) was estimated at the HFM treatment. Additionally, yield response factor (k _y) was separately calculated for each, two and total growth stages, and k _y was found to be 0.8382, 0.9159 (the highest value) and 0.7708 (the lowest value) for the total growing season, heading, and flowering-milk ripening combination stages, respectively. It is concluded that HFM irrigation is the best choice for maximum yield under the local conditions, but these irrigation schemes must be re-considered in areas where water resources are more limited. In the case of more restricted irrigation, the limitation of irrigation water at the flowering period should be avoided; as the highest water use efficiency (WUE) (7.80 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) (10.19 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹) were obtained from the F treatment.  相似文献   

不同遗传背景小麦成熟胚再生体系的初步研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

刘芳  周翠红  李丽雅  侯文卓  王强  郭蔼光  刘香利 《麦类作物学报》2010,30(1):39-42

为了进一步探索小麦成熟胚再生体系的各种影响因素,选取5个不同遗传背景的小麦品种（绵阳19、西农928、洛阳8716、陕354、紫麦）,以成熟胚为外植体,对其再生条件进行了研究。结果表明,不同基因型的小麦成熟胚愈伤诱导率差异不大,均在87%以上。同一品种在不同的2,4D浓度下愈伤诱导率稍有差异,其最适2,4D浓度为4 mg·L-1。不同的激素配比对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织再生成苗有一定的影响。分化培养基中2,4D/KT(mg·L-1) 为0.5/1.5时,各基因型小麦再生率为绵阳19：16.67%;西农928: 27.69%;洛阳8716: 11.25%;陕354: 6.3%;紫麦:41.67%。2,4D/KT(mg·L-1) 为0.5/1.0时,西农928的再生率最高,为31.25%。2,4D/KT(mg·L-1)为0.2/1.0时,紫麦的再生率最高,为45.45%。  相似文献   

Water use and water use efficiency of sweet corn under different weather conditions and soil moisture regimes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Axel Garcia y Garcia  Larry C. Guerra  Gerrit Hoogenboom 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(10):1369-1376

Plant growth and development are influenced by weather conditions that also affect water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) and ultimately, yield. The overall goal of this study was to determine the impact of weather and soil moisture conditions on WU and WUE of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var rugosa). An experiment consisting on three planting dates was conducted in 2006 at The University of Georgia, USA. A sweet corn genotype sh2 was planted on March 27 under irrigated and rainfed conditions and on April 10 and 25 under irrigated conditions only. Soil moisture was monitored using PR2 probes. Rainfall and irrigation were recorded with rain gauges installed in the experimental area while other weather variables were recorded with an automatic weather station located nearby. A water balance was used to obtain the crop's daily evapotranspiration (ETc). WUE was calculated as the ratio of fresh and dry matter ear yield and cumulative ETc. The potential soil moisture deficit (Dp) approach was used to determine the crop's moisture stress. Results were analyzed using a single degree freedom contrast, linear regression, and the least significant difference. WU and WUE of sweet corn were both markedly affected by the intra-seasonal weather variability and Dp. For both variables, significant (p < 0.05) differences were found between planting dates under irrigated conditions and between the irrigated and rainfed treatments. WU was as high as 268 mm for the April 10 planting date under irrigated conditions and as low as 122 mm for the March 27 planting date under rainfed conditions. The maximum soil moisture deficit was reached at the milky kernel stage and was as high as 343 mm for the March 27 planting date under rainfed conditions and as low as 260 mm for the April 10 planting date under irrigated conditions. Further work should focus on the impact of the intra-seasonal weather variability and soil moisture conditions during different crop stages to determine critical periods that affect yield.  相似文献   

Growth,feed utilization and endocrine responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets added poultry by‐product meal and blood meal in combination with poultry oil          下载免费PDF全文

B. Hatlen  J.‐V. Jakobsen  V. Crampton  M. Alm  E. Langmyhr  M. Espe  E.M. Hevrøy  B.E. Torstensen  N. Liland  R. Waagbø 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2015,21(5):714-725

The suitability of land animal by‐products (ABPs) in feed for Atlantic salmon postsmolts (initial weight 372 g) in sea water was studied in a feeding experiment, using poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and porcine blood meal (BM) as protein sources and poultry oil as fat source. Four extruded feeds were tested in a 2 * 2 factorial model, with or without ABP protein sources and with or without poultry oil. The control feed contained a mix of marine and plant ingredients. Initial feed intake was highest in the ABP protein‐based diets, whereas poultry oil had a weak opposite effect. No differences were seen in growth rate or body weight. Addition of PBM and BM led to increased FCR, and lower retention of crude protein and energy. This could be explained by lower digestibility of amino acids and crude protein, and a slightly lower energy level in these diets. Reduced igf1 mRNA levels in liver and muscle were seen in fish fed dietary ABP protein and oil. Despite lower protein digestibility of ABP protein, this study confirms the suitability of ABP protein and lipid in combination with plant ingredients in feed for Atlantic salmon growers.  相似文献   

Effects of plant‐based diets on glucose and amino acid metabolism,leptin, ghrelin and GH‐IGF system regulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)     

N.H. Sissener  G.‐I. Hemre  M. Espe  M. Sanden  B.E. Torstensen  E.M. Hevrøy 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2013,19(3):399-412

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The effect of artificial light treatment and depth on the infestation of the sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) culture     

E. M. Hevry  K. Boxaspen  F. Oppedal  G. L. Taranger  J. C. Holm 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2003,220(1-4):1-14

Two field studies were carried out with farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) in sea cages to examine various effects of artificial light (AL) and the vertical distribution of salmon on lice infestation.

The use of AL light caused an overall increase in lice infestation in both experiments. The first study showed that salmon held at 0–4 m depth in cages developed higher infestation than salmon held at greater depths (4–8 and 8–12 m) under both natural light (NL) and AL. In the second study, salmon maintained in 14-m deep sea cages that were exposed to AL with different light intensities. The AL treatments resulted directly in different diel and seasonal patterns of vertical distribution of the salmon and also different temporal patterns in lice infestations. So indirectly the infestation pattern appeared to be correlated with median day-time swimming depth of the salmon.  相似文献   

Effects of increasing dietary concentrations of specific structured triacylglycerides on performance and nitrogen and energy metabolism in broiler chickens     

Zheng CT  Jørgensen H  Høy CE  Jakobsen K 《British poultry science》2006,47(2):180-189

Specific structured triacylglycerides (STG) containing medium chain fatty acids in sn-1,3 positions and a long chain fatty acid in sn-2 position were prepared from rapeseed oil and capric acid (C10:0). A total of 80 female broiler chickens (Ross 208) were randomly allocated into five dietary treatments as two series of 40 chicks: a basal diet with graded levels of STG of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 g/kg diet at the expense of rapeseed oil were fed to the chickens in groups of four. At 12 d of age the chickens were placed pair-wise in metabolism cages. The grower period (d 13-36) was divided into four consecutive balance periods each of 6 d. Two 24 h measurements of gas exchange in two open-air circuit respiration chambers were performed during the second and third day of each balance period. During the whole experiment there was a negative effect of the inclusion of STG on average feed intake. However, this only slightly affected average daily weight gain. Feed conversion efficiency improved linearly with the inclusion level of STG. Daily gain adjusted to mean daily feed intake increased linearly with inclusion rate of STG, indicating that the weight gain was affected by both feed intake and the enhancing effect on digestibility of STG. Weight of small intestine and colon decreased with increasing inclusion of STG. Utilisation of dietary protein relative to intake increased while that of retained fat tended to decrease resulting in a decreased utilisation of metabolisable energy (RE/ME) in birds receiving STG. Heat production (HE) was slightly lower in the STG groups. More of the dietary fat was oxidised when more STG was added, although the total amount of fat in the diets was kept constant.  相似文献   

The effect of flow on the competition between the alien racer goby and native European bullhead          下载免费PDF全文

Łukasz Jermacz  Jarosław Kobak  Anna Dzierżyńska  Tomasz Kakareko 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2015,24(3):467-477

The racer goby is an invasive Ponto‐Caspian fish spreading throughout Europe. They threaten a native species of similar biology, the European bullhead, by displacing them from shelters. These shelters are necessary for reproduction as well as for protection against predators and hydrodynamic forces. However, abiotic conditions may strongly modify the outcome of an interspecific competition in the wild. Nevertheless, little is known of the effect of flow velocity on the competition between these rheophilic species, although this factor is crucial for their distribution in the field. We video‐recorded fish behaviour for 2 h in single‐species and mixed‐species pairs in the presence of single shelters at three flow velocities: 0, 10 (a velocity preferred by the racer goby) and 30 cm·s^?1 (a velocity greater than preferred by the racer goby) to determine whether the invader can deprive the native species of its shelter. At the flow of 0 and 10 cm·s^?1, the racer goby exhibited aggressive behaviour towards bullhead, and this restricted the time spent by the bullhead in the shelter. Moreover, although the flow of 30 cm·s^?1 inhibited racer goby aggression, the time spent by the bullhead in the shelter in interspecific competition was still reduced when compared to intraspecific controls. Our results suggest that under natural conditions, the racer goby displace bullheads from their shelters even at flow velocities greater than optimal for the racer goby.  相似文献   

Population dynamics and life history of the oribatid mite Ameronothrus lineatus (Acari, Oribatida) on the high arctic archipelago of Svalbard     

Guldborg Svik  Hans Petter Leinaas  Rolf Anker Ims  Torstein Solhy 《Pedobiologia》2003,47(3):257-271

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