Seasonal dynamics in wheel load‐carrying capacity of a loam soil in the Swiss Plateau          下载免费PDF全文

S. Gut  A. Chervet  M. Stettler  P. Weisskopf  W. G. Sturny  M. Lamandé  P. Schjønning  T. Keller 《Soil Use and Management》2015,31(1):132-141

Subsoil compaction is a major problem in modern agriculture caused by the intensification of agricultural production and the increase in weight of agricultural machinery. Compaction in the subsoil is highly persistent and leads to deterioration of soil functions. Wheel load‐carrying capacity (WLCC) is defined as the maximum wheel load for a specific tyre and inflation pressure that does not result in soil stress in excess of soil strength. The soil strength and hence WLCC is strongly influenced by soil matric potential (h). The aim of this study was to estimate the seasonal dynamics in WLCC based on in situ measurements of h, measurements of precompression stress at various h and simulations of soil stress. In this work, we concentrated on prevention of subsoil compaction. Calculations were made for different tyres (standard and low‐pressure top tyres) and for soil under different tillage and cropping systems (mouldboard ploughing, direct drilling, permanent grassland), and the computed WLCC was compared with real wheel loads to obtain the number of trafficable days (NTD) for various agricultural machines. Wheel load‐carrying capacity was higher for the top than the standard tyres, demonstrating the potential of tyre equipment in reducing compaction risks. The NTD varied between years and generally decreased with increasing wheel load of the machinery. The WLCC simulations presented here provide a useful and easily interpreted tool to guide the avoidance of soil compaction.  相似文献   

Increased population density of pike Esox lucius– a result of selective harvest of large individuals     

C. M. Sharma  R. Borgstrøm 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2008,17(4):590-596

Abstract – The effect of selective harvest of large pike on number of middle‐sized pike was tested in a small, eutrophic lake in SE Norway. The pike population was estimated using a mark–recapture method in two different periods: before (1980–1983) and during the manipulation of the pike population (2004–2006). After an extensive size selective harvest of large pike (≥65 cm) in 2004, the number of pike in length‐class 45–65 cm, mainly 3+ pike, increased significantly from 2004 to 2005. The number in this length‐class was even higher in 2006. Since 2+ pike was part of the diet of large pike, the increase in number of 3+ pike in 2005 and 2006 is probably due to reduced consumption of 2+ pike, following the substantial selective removal of large pike in 2004 and 2005. To maintain a high annual survival of young pike, a selective exploitation of large pike has to be carried out annually.  相似文献   

Effect of cold storage and harvest date on bioactive compounds in curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)     

Sidsel Fiskaa Hagen  Grethe Iren A. Borge  Knut Asbjørn Solhaug  Gunnar B. Bengtsson 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2009,51(1):36-42

In this study, curly kale stored at 1 °C for 3 and 6 weeks was compared with plants remaining in the field regarding several properties related to human health and sensory quality. Cold storage had no effect on the antioxidant capacity (ORAC assay), total phenols (Folin-Ciocalteu assay) or flavonol content, but reduced the content of vitamin C and soluble sugars. The ratio ascorbic:dehydroascorbic acid decreased from about 3 to 0.5 upon storage. The largest changes in the content of bioactive compounds were found in plants that remained in the field for 6 additional weeks, including many frost days. In these plants, the levels of flavonols, total phenols and antioxidant capacity were reduced by 25–35% and the vitamin C content by more than 50%, whereas soluble sugars and dry matter increased by roughly 20% and 30%, respectively. Among all the curly kale samples, the antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the level of total phenols (r = 0.73, P < 0.001) and total flavonols (r = 0.70, P < 0.001). Values obtained with a non-destructive method based on chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) were well correlated with the flavonol content in the leaves, with the highest correlation found for quercetin (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). Using the ChlF method, the kinetics of the flavonol content during the experiment was recorded. The same method also showed gradients of flavonol content within the plant, with the highest values in the upper leaves and in the tip of the leaves. ChlF measurement, therefore, proved to be a quick and cost-effective alternative to chemical analyses of the flavonol content in curly kale.  相似文献   

Degradation and mineralisation of diuron by Sphingomonas sp. SRS2 and its potential for remediating at a realistic µg L−1 diuron concentration     

Sebastian R Sørensen  René K Juhler  Jens Aamand 《Pest management science》2013,69(11):1239-1244

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Does insecticide application in a winter oilseed rape field influence the abundance of pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus in nearby ornamental flowers and vegetables?     

Nur Ahmed  Jan‐Eric Englund  Eva Johansson  Inger Åhman 《Pest management science》2013,69(11):1253-1260

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The germination problem of oat seed lots affected by Fusarium head blight     

Selamawit Tekle  Helge Skinnes  ?smund Bj?rnstad 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,135(1):147-158

Mycotoxin contamination and reduced germination capacity (GC) of oats affected by Fusarium head blight (FHB) have become serious concerns in Norway. Spawn- and spray-inoculated field trials were conducted from 2007 to 2010 to screen for resistant genotypes and to study the relationship between GC and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. Correlation coefficients between GC and DON level varied from ?0.412 to ?0.711 (P?<?0.001). The strongest and the weakest correlations were recorded for the spray- and spawn-inoculated experiments of 2009, respectively. High DON levels were associated with low GCs but low DON levels did not guarantee higher GCs. DON did not inhibit initiation of germination, but did retard seedling growth in a germination assay conducted on DON-amended water agar. Most of the seedlings grown on the modified WA containing even as little as 2?ppm DON had abnormal morphology and would not be considered as ??germinated?? in official tests. A greenhouse experiment studying the effect of time of inoculation on GC, DON level, and seed infection (SI) showed a rapid reduction in DON levels resulting from later inoculations. Increments in GC were observed although they were not as strong as the decrements in DON level. Seed infection remained consistently high (> 60?%) for all inoculations. Seed dressing and dehulling individually were not effective in improving GC, but when combined increased GC to the percentage of kernels having viable germ. We hypothesize that in addition to the level of DON, SI influences the GC of Fusarium-damaged oats, especially in wet years that may facilitate late-initiated infections.  相似文献   

Individual lift irrigation: a case study in the Cau Son irrigation and drainage area, Red River Basin, Vietnam     

Chinh Van Le  Jens Raunsø Jensen 《Paddy and Water Environment》2014,12(1):223-238

The irrigation trend in Asia has been characterised as a shift from gravity to lift irrigation, but the importance of individual lift irrigation using surface water remains to be documented. Surveys on field water application by farmers using lift were undertaken in three sites and across the 44,600 ha Cau Son irrigation and drainage area in the spring crop season. Lift irrigation was found to be practised by 82 % of households. The main lift technology was mechanical pump (petrol and electric), followed by traditional swing and long-handle baskets. The main source for lifting was on-farm canals. Although gravity irrigation was the dominant field application method, the area solely irrigated by individual lift ranged from 25 to 52 % of the irrigated areas. Scaling up from the sites, individual lift accounted for 29 % by irrigation area and volume, with 17 and 12 % attributed to mechanical and manual lift. The application of mechanical pumps was a response to locally high-field elevations and significantly increased with the distance of water delivery from the main canal. The impact of mechanical pumping on flexibility and reliability was significant and positive. Petrol driven pumps had relatively high operational and investment costs, but farmers gained higher flexibility and reliability and compensated by applying less water. Farmers using electric pumps applied significantly more water and thereby wasted electric energy as a compensation for uncertain electric power supply. The importance of individual lift irrigation suggests that it should be explicitly considered in irrigation management policies and performance assessments.  相似文献   

Herbage dry‐matter production and forage quality of three legumes and four non‐leguminous forbs grown in single‐species stands     

A. Elgersma  K. Søegaard  S. K. Jensen 《Grass and Forage Science》2014,69(4):705-716

Agronomic data on most broad‐leaved species of grasslands are scarce. The aim of this study was to obtain novel information on herbage DM yield and forage quality for several forb species, and on species differences and seasonal patterns across harvests and in successive years. Four non‐leguminous forbs [salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor), caraway (Carum carvi), chicory (Cichorium intybus) and ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata)] and three leguminous forbs [yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), lucerne (Medicago sativa) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)] and a perennial ryegrass–white clover mixture were investigated in a small‐plot cutting trial in Denmark during 2009 and 2010. Plots were harvested four times per year. On average, annual herbage yield was highest for lucerne (15·4 t DM) and grass–white clover (12·5 t DM ha^?1), and lowest for salad burnet (4·6 t DM ha^?1) and yellow sweet clover (3·9 t DM ha^?1). Ribwort plantain and lucerne had the highest concentrations of acid detergent fibre (339 and 321 g kg^?1 DM respectively) and lignin (78 and 67 g kg^?1 DM respectively); contents in other species were similar to grass–white clover (275 and 49 g kg^?1 DM respectively). No common feature was found within the functional groups of non‐leguminous forbs and leguminous forbs, other than higher crude protein contents (198–206 g kg^?1 DM) in the legumes. DM yield and fibre content were lowest in October. Digestibility declined with higher temperature and increasing fibre content. Results are discussed in terms of the potential of forbs to contribute to forage resources in farming practice.  相似文献   

Protein quality and digestibility of new high-lysine barley varieties in growing rats     

Vince M. Gabert  Grete Brunsgaard  Bjørn O. Eggum  Jens Jensen 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1995,48(2):169-179

Four new high-lysine barley mutants, the variety Lysimax, with the high-lysine genelys3a and the mutants mother variety Sultan were grown in a field trial in 1993 at Risø, Denmark. Mutants 609, 1242, 1385 and 1405 yielded in the range of 89 to 98 percent and cv Lysimax yielded 102 percent of cv Sultan (100 percent). One-thousand kernel weights for the mutants were in the range of 87 to 97 percent and cv Lysimax 83 percent of cv Sultan (100 percent). Protein contents of the mutants were slightly higher, in the range of 13.2 to 13.6 percent, than of cv Sultan (13.1 percent) and Lysimax which had a protein content of 12.6 percent. Fat content was higher in Lysimax and in the mutants except for mutant 1385 than in cv Sultan while dietary fibre contents of the barleys were similar. The levels of -glucans and starch were usually lower in Lysimax and in the mutants. The highest lysine levels: 4.6, 4.0 and 3.7 g/16 g N occurred in cv Lysimax and mutants 609 and 1405 compared to 3.3, 3.3 and 3.2 for cv Sultan and mutants 1242 and 1385, respectively. Mutants 609 and 1405 and cv Lysimax also had higher levels of threonine, histidine and valine. The increased lysine contents resulted in large, at most 20 percent, increases in biological value; 88.8, 81.7 and 78.3 percent for cv Lysimax and mutants 609 and 1405 compared to 74.2 percent for cv Sultan. True protein digestibilities and energy digestibilities were slightly lower in Lysimax than in Sultan, 5.3 and 4.3 percentage units, respectively. It is concluded that the development of high-lysine barley varieties is very beneficial for meeting the requirements of indispensable amino acids for humans and monogastric animals. In addition, nitrogen excretion into the environment is drastically reduced due to the higher biological values of the mutants.  相似文献   

An epidemiological analysis of the dilemma of plant age and late blight (Phytophthora infestans) susceptibility in potatoes     

Abuley  Isaac Kwesi  Hansen  Jens Grønbech 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2021,161(3):645-663

European Journal of Plant Pathology - While the age-related susceptibility of potatoes to late blight is well-known, the universality of this relationship is unclear. This study aimed at resolving...  相似文献