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81.
Robert P. Griffiths Bruce A. Caldwell Phillip Sollins 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1993,16(3):157-162
Effects of vegetation and nutrient availability on potentail denitrification rates were studied in two volcanic, alluvial-terrace soils in lowland Costa Rica that differ greatly in weathering stage and thus in availability of P and base cations. Potential denitrification rates were significantly higher in plots where vegetation had been left undisturbed than in plots where all vegetation had been removed continuously, and were higher on the less fertile of the two soils. The potential denitrification rates were correlated strongly with respiration rates, levels of mineralizable N, microbial biomass, and moisture content, and moderately well with concentrations of extractable NH
inf4
sup+
, Kjeldahl N, and total C. In all plots, denitrification rates were stimulated by the removal of O2 and by the addition of glucose but not by the addition of water or NO
inf3
sup-
.This is Paper 2772 of the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University 相似文献
82.
Steven W. Effler Carol M. Brooks Jeffrey M. Addess Susan M. Doerr Michelle L. Storey Bruce A. Wagner 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1991,55(3-4):427-444
Concentrations of Cl, total ammonia (TNH3), NO3 plus NO2, total P (TP), and soluble reactive P (SRP) were measured at two sites, located 5 km apart, on Ninemile Creek, New York, for a period of more than 8 mo. The sites bound the most recently formed Solvay waste beds, associated with the production of soda ash, that adjoin the creek. Concentrations of Cl and T-NH3 increased on average by factors of 16.1 and 7.6, respectively, over the monitored stream reach. The estimated average loadings of these materials to the stream over this reach were 2.3 × 105 and 1.2 × 102 kg d?1, respectively. These inputs are attributable to the Solvay waste beds. The loading of Cl from this source has not changed significantly over a 4 yr period since the closure of the soda ash manufacturing facility. This is the single largest source of Cl, and the second largest source of T-NH3, to polluted Onondaga Lake. Profiles of Cl in the lake indicated that at times the creek inflow plunges to subsurface layers as a result of its elevated density. This is at least in part a result of the creek's ionic enrichment. The concentration of SRP decreased by a factor of 2.0 on average over the study reach, probably due to adsorption to the CaCO3 deposits that cover the stream bed in this area. However, the TP load from the creek to the lake is not significantly affected by this phenomenon. 相似文献
83.
Chronic, excessive nitrogen deposition is potentially an important ecological threat to forests of the greater Sierra Nevada in California. We developed a model for ammonia bioindication, a major nitrogen pollutant in the region, using epiphytic macrolichens. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling to extract gradients in lichen community composition from surveys at 115 forested sites. A strong ammonia deposition gradient was detected, as evidenced by a high linear correlation with an index of ammonia indicator species conventionally known as “nitrophytes” (r = 0.93). This gradient, however, was confounded by elevation (r = ?0.54). We evaluated three statistical techniques for controlling the influence of elevation on nitrophytes: simple linear regression, nonlinear regression, and nonparametric regression. We used the unstandardized residuals from nonlinear regression to estimate relative ammonia deposition at each plot, primarily because this model had the best fit (r 2 = 0.33), desirable asymptotic properties, and it is easy to apply to new data. Other possible sources of noise in the nitrophyte-ammonia relationship, such as substrate pH and acidic deposition, are discussed. Lichen communities indicated relatively high deposition to forests of the southern Sierra Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, as well as in stands near urban areas. Evidence of elevated ammonia was also detected for popular recreation areas such as Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. Lichen communities from forests in the Tahoe basin, northern Sierra Nevada, southern Cascades, and eastern Klamath Range appeared considerably less impacted. This model will be used for continual assessment of eutrophication risks to forest health in the region. 相似文献
84.
Allan Fulton Larry Schwankl Kris Lynn Bruce Lampinen John Edstrom Terry Prichard 《Irrigation Science》2011,29(6):497-512
Orchard and vineyard producers conduct preplant site evaluations to help prevent planting permanent tree and vine crops on
lands where the crop will not perform to its highest potential or attain its full life expectancy. Physical soil characteristics
within specific soil profiles and spatially throughout an orchard influence decisions on land preparation, irrigation system
selection, horticultural choices, and nutrient management. Producers depend on soil surveys to help them understand the soil
characteristics of the land and may be interested in technology that provides additional information. Electromagnetic induction
(EM38) and four-probe soil resistance sensors (VERIS) are being used in combination with global positioning systems to map
spatial variability of soils using apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa). The hypothesis evaluated in this study is
whether rapid, in situ, and relatively low-cost methods of measuring ECa (EM38 and VERIS) can effectively identify and map
physical soil variability in non-saline soils. The supposition is that in non-saline soils, ECa levels will relate well to
soil texture and water-holding capacity and can be used to map physical soil variability. In turn, the information can be
used to guide decisions on preplant tillage, irrigation system design, water and nutritional management, and other horticultural
considerations. Two sites in the Sacramento Valley were mapped each with EM38 and VERIS methods. Site-specific management
zones were identified by each provider on ECa maps for each site, and then soil samples were collected by University of California
researchers to verify these zones. Results showed that on non-saline soils, ECa measured with both EM38 and VERIS correlate
with physical soil properties such as gravel, sand, silt, and clay content but the relationship between conductivity and these
physical soil properties varied from moderately strong to weak. The strength of the correlation may be affected by several
factors including how dominant soil texture is on conductivity relative to other soil properties and on methods of equipment
operation, data analysis and interpretation. Overall, the commercial providers of ECa surveys in this study delivered reasonable
levels of accuracy that were consistent with results reported in previous studies. At one site, an ECa map developed with
VERIS provided more detail on physical soil variability to supplement published soil surveys and aided in the planning and
development of a walnut orchard. At a second site, almond yield appeared to correlate well with distinctly different soil
zones identified with EM38 mapping. 相似文献
85.
Smith BD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5820):1797-1798
86.
Faham S Watanabe A Besserer GM Cascio D Specht A Hirayama BA Wright EM Abramson J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5890):810-814
Membrane transporters that use energy stored in sodium gradients to drive nutrients into cells constitute a major class of proteins. We report the crystal structure of a member of the solute sodium symporters (SSS), the Vibrio parahaemolyticus sodium/galactose symporter (vSGLT). The approximately 3.0 angstrom structure contains 14 transmembrane (TM) helices in an inward-facing conformation with a core structure of inverted repeats of 5 TM helices (TM2 to TM6 and TM7 to TM11). Galactose is bound in the center of the core, occluded from the outside solutions by hydrophobic residues. Surprisingly, the architecture of the core is similar to that of the leucine transporter (LeuT) from a different gene family. Modeling the outward-facing conformation based on the LeuT structure, in conjunction with biophysical data, provides insight into structural rearrangements for active transport. 相似文献
87.
88.
89.
Alberts B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6063):1636
Science is fully retracting the report "Detection of an infectious retrovirus, XMRV, in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome" (V. C. Lombardi et al., Science 326, 585 (2009); 10.1126/science.1179052) 相似文献
90.
Buffett BA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5820):1801-1802