Soil test-based nutrient balancing improved crop productivity and rural livelihoods: case study from rainfed semi-arid tropics in Andhra Pradesh,India     

Girish Chander  Suhas P. Wani  Kanwar L. Sahrawat  Sreenath Dixit  B. Venkateswarlu  C. Rajesh 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):1051-1066

Widespread multinutrient deficiencies in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) are among major factors for large gaps between farmers’ current crop yields and potential yields. In this study, we adopted a stratified soil sampling method to assess soil fertility-related constraints in farmers’ fields in eight districts of Andhra Pradesh in the semi-arid tropics of India. Most of the fields across all eight districts were critical in sulfur (61%–98% deficient fields); and up to six districts each in boron (83%–98% deficient fields), zinc (50–85% deficient fields), and soil organic carbon (55–97% deficient fields). Low soil organic carbon specifically indicates nitrogen deficiency. Phosphorus deficiency was critical in three districts (60–84%) while potassium in general was adequate. Soil test-based nutrient balancing through the application of sulfur, boron, and zinc in addition to farmers’ practice of adding only nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased crop productivity by 8%–102%. Benefit–cost ratio (1.60–28.5) proved favourable to scale-up balanced nutrition. Better post-harvest soil health and residual benefits of sulfur, boron, and zinc up to four succeeding seasons indicated sustainability of the practice. Results showed that balanced nutrition is a way forward for sustainably improving farm productivity and livelihoods.  相似文献   

Comparison of methods for measuring heavy metals and total phosphorus in soils contaminated by different sources     

Krishan Chander  Gerald Hartmann  Rainer Georg Joergensen  Norbert Lamersdorf 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(4):413-422

The relationships between the concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) as measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), aqua regia, and HNO₃ pressure digestion were studied in soil samples covering a wide range of heavy metal concentrations. The soils were contaminated by sewage sludge, exhaust depositions, river sediments of mining residues, and dump material. The question was addressed whether the source of heavy metals or other soil properties affect the relationship between these three methods. The aqua regia-digestible fraction of the five heavy metals reached on average 64% of the XRF-detectable content. The pressure accelerated HNO₃-digestible fraction of the five heavy metals was on average 71% of the XRF-detectable content; the respective phosphorus (P) fraction reached a median of 75%. This suggests that HNO₃ pressure digestion can also be used for characterizing the total P content of soils. Aqua regia extraction and HNO₃ pressure digestion gave similar values for Zn, Pb, and Cu, which dominate the heavy metal load of most contamination sources. Significantly higher Cr values were obtained by HNO₃ pressure digestion than by aqua regia extraction. Additionally, the Cr contents were affected by the source, e.g. sewage sludge had relatively high contents of aqua regia and HNO₃ pressure extractable contents in comparison to the XRF values. The element-specific relationships between the three methods were all highly significant. However, the respective multiple linear regression models were in most cases affected by soil organic carbon (C), in some cases by clay or soil pH.  相似文献   

HPTLC analysis of guggulsterone isomers in Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari: an endangered oleo-gum resin species heading towards extinction     

Alpana Kulhari  Arun Sheorayan  Navneet Saxena  Chander Mohan  Manisha Mangal  Ashok Chaudhury  Ashok K. Dhawan  Rajwant K. Kalia 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2013,60(3):1173-1180

The oleo-gum resin of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, a pharmacologically important balsamiferous woody shrub, has been used in treating various ailments and disorders since ancient times (2000 B.C.) due to the presence of steroidal compound guggulsterone. Two bioactive isomers of guggulsterone, E and Z, are responsible for lipid- and cholesterol-lowering and anti-cancerous activities. Further, guggul has been approved as food supplement by US-FDA as well as Council of Europe. Indiscriminate harvest of C. wightii from wild with negligible conservation efforts has lead to its inclusion in IUCN assemblage of endangered plant species. For identification of high guggulsterone yielding ecotypes of C. wightii, using high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) analysis, stem samples were collected from 50 plants from eleven locations in arid tracts of Haryana, Gujarat and Rajasthan. Dried, powdered material was subjected to extraction with petroleum ether using soxhlet apparatus. Samples were spotted on precoated activated silica plates (60F-254) and were developed using toluene–acetone (9:1 v/v) as mobile phase. The analysis was carried out in the absorbance mode at 250 nm using HPTLC scanner. The regression analysis data for the calibration plots for E and Z guggulsterone showed good linear relationship with R² = 1 and 0.9897, respectively. Highest concentration of guggulsterone E (284 μg/g dry wt) was found in the accession collected from Palana, Bikaner whereas highest guggulsterone Z concentration (89.5 μg/g dry wt) was found in the accession collected from CAZRI, Jodhpur.  相似文献   

Assessing the risk of mango quarantine pest Deanolis sublimbalis Snellen under different climate change scenarios     

Baradevanal  Gundappa  Chander  Subhash  Jayanthi  P. D. Kamala  Singh  H. S.  Reddy  D. Srinivasa 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2021,128(3):853-863

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Considering the quarantine importance of the red-banded mango caterpillar, Deanolis sublimbalis (Crambidae: Lepidoptera), studies were carried out to...  相似文献   

Development of an Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation method for industrial oilseed crop Crambe abyssinica ‘BelAnn’     

Sudesh ChhikaraIndrajit Dutta  Bibin PaulosePawan K. Jaiwal  Om Parkash Dhankher 《Industrial Crops and Products》2012,37(1):457-465

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Characterization of brown planthopper damage on rice crops through hyperspectral remote sensing under field conditions   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

N. R. Prasannakumar  Subhash Chander  R. N. Sahoo 《Phytoparasitica》2014,42(3):387-395

Field experiments were conducted to characterize the brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.) damage stress on rice crops through hyperspectral remote sensing. The BPH-damaged rice crop had higher reflectance in visible (VIS) and lower reflectance in near-infrared regions (NIR) of the electromagnetic spectrum compared with uninfested plants. Mean reflectance of the rice crop varied among different BPH damage levels in various wavebands, with the greatest variation in NIR (740–925 nm). Correlations between plant reflectance and BPH damage depicted four sensitive wavelengths, at 764, 961, 1201 and 1664 nm in relation to BPH stress on the rice crop. Three new brown planthopper spectral indices (BPHI) were formulated by combining two or more of these sensitive wavelengths. Some of the hyperspectral indices reported in the literature were also tested for their suitability to detect BPH stress on rice crops. Based on crop reflectance corresponding to the sensitive wavelengths, a multiple-linear regression model was developed (R²=0.71, RMSE=1.74, P<0.0001) and validated (R²=0.73, RMSE?=?0.71, P<0.0001) that would help to monitor BPH stress on a rice crop and to issue forewarnings to growers.  相似文献   

Management practices followed for draught cattle in the southern part of India   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Natarajan Akila  Mahesh Chander 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(2):239-245

A study was conducted to determine the management practices followed by the farmers for draught cattle in Tamil Nadu state, India. Methods of procurement of animals, use of female animals, breeds preferred, housing, health, disposal of animals, feeding, shoeing, purchase of animal-drawn implements and their maintenance were all assessed with 210 farmers from seven districts across different agro-climatic zones in Tamil Nadu. The results revealed that 86 % of the respondents purchased the draught cattle from the livestock markets, most were bullocks but 20 small farmers and 5 medium farmers used female animals for ploughing. Among the indigenous breeds, Kangeyam (33 %) and Hallikar (30 %) breeds were the most popular for work. Most farmers (69 %) provided a mixed type of housing (provision of housing only during the night time and the rainy season) for their draught cattle. The major health problem reported by 63 % of respondents was pyrexia. Almost all farmers sold their animals at the age of 8–10 years. The feeding practices for draught cattle were poor especially with the small farmers. The cattle were fed with mainly paddy straw and rice bran. Oilcakes and cotton seeds were given to the animals which work throughout the year mainly for ploughing and carting. The draught cattle were first shod at around 2.5 years of age. The majority of the farmers (71 %) used the traditional animal-drawn implements made by local artisans, and the farmers were not aware of the new implements to reduce the drudgery of work cattle, designed by the Agricultural Machinery Research Centre and Agricultural Engineering Departments located in India.  相似文献   

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore-associated bacteria affect mycorrhizal colonization,plant growth and potato pathogens     

Dharam Parkash Bharadwaj  Per-Olof Lundquist  Sadhna Alström 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(10):2494-2501

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their bacterial associates are essential living components of the soil microbiota. From a total of 385 bacteria previously isolated from spores of AM fungi (AMB), 10 were selected based on ability to inhibit growth of plant pathogens. Effects of these isolates on AM fungal colonization, plant growth in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and inhibition of pathogens was investigated. AM fungal root colonization of potato was 7-fold higher in the presence of the Pseudomonas FWC70 isolate in a greenhouse and was 6–9-fold higher in the presence of the three isolates Pseudomonas FWC70, Stenotrophomonas FWC94 and Arthrobacter FWC110 in an outdoor pot experiment. Several growth traits of potato were stimulated by the Pseudomonas isolates FWC16, FWC30 and FWC70 and by the Stenotrophomonas isolate FWC14. All three Pseudomonas isolates showed inhibition against Erwinia carotovora, Phytophthora infestans and Verticillium dahliae but Stenotrophomonas isolates were variable. Protease(s), siderophores and indole acetic acid were produced by all isolates. Chitinase(s) were produced by all Stenotrophomonas and phosphate-solubilizing activity by all Pseudomonas isolates, the Stenotrophomonas FWC14 isolate and the Arthrobacter FWC110 isolate. We conclude that some AMB are multifunctional and production of extracellular enzymes and bioactive compounds are likely mechanisms for their multifunctional activities. Our results show that some AMB are likely to contribute to the often described ability of AM fungi to inhibit pathogens, acquire mineral nutrients and modify plant root growth.  相似文献   

Investigation of factors of probable significance in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle.   总被引：10，自引：9，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

R G Thomson  S Chander  M Savan    M L Fox 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1975,39(2):194-207

Six groups of ten beef calves six to eight months of age were shipped from western Canada and observed untreated for one week after arrival. The following parameters were measured daily: body temperature, plasma fibrinogen, nasal bacterial mean colony counts of Pasteurella hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, total and differential leukoyte counts, packed cell volumes and the following, twice during the week: serum and nasal antibody titres to P. hemolytica and parainfluenza-3 virus. The lungs from 44 of the calves were obtained at post mortem and given a numerical score based on the degree of pneumonia present. Animals were designated SICK and WELL according to body temperature and plasma fibrinogen. The SICK animals had higher nasal mean colony counts of P. hemolytica than the WELL animals. The SICK animals had lower levels of serum antibody to P. hemolytica than the WELL on day 1 but had a greater rise in titre over the week than did the WELL animals. Both groups were similar with regard to serum antibody to parainfluenza-3 virus and there was little change in these titres. The SICK animals had a much greater degree of pneumonia than the WELL. The values of some of the parameters were combined with the data of previously studied animals in order to provide a comparison of SICK and WELL with larger numbers of animals.  相似文献   

Variability in residual feed intake and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffalo heifers     

Tegene Negesse  Chander Datt  S. S. Kundu 《Tropical animal health and production》2016,48(8):1577-1584

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