A framework for results‐based management in fisheries          下载免费PDF全文

Kåre Nolde Nielsen  Michaela Maria Aschan  Sveinn Agnarsson  Marta Ballesteros  Alan Baudron  Maria de Fátima Borges  Aida Campos  Rosa Chapela  Anna Kristín Daníelsdóttir  Karim Erzini  Ólavur Gregersen  Petter Holm  Alessandro Lucchetti  Sveinn Margeirsson  Hugo Vilela Mendes  Petter Olsen  Mafalda Rangel  Antonello Sala  José Luis Santiago  Sigríður Sigurðardóttir  Cristina Silva  Daryl Sykes  Jónas Rúnar Viðarsson  Massimo Virgili  Laura Wise  Paul George Fernandes 《Fish and Fisheries》2018,19(2):363-376

We present a framework for results‐based management (RBM) of commercial fisheries. The core idea of RBM is to reduce micromanagement by delegating management responsibility to resource users. The RBM framework represents an industrial organization approach to co‐management and comprises three defining processes, conducted by three independent “agents”: (i) an “authority” defines specific and measurable and achievable objectives (outcome targets, OTs) for the utilization of fisheries resources, (ii) resource user organizations (termed “operators”) take responsibility for achieving these OTs and provide documentation that (iii) allows independent “auditors” to evaluate the achievement of OTs. Using incentive mechanisms, notably deregulation, RBM grants operators the flexibility to develop and implement innovative and cost‐effective ways to achieve OTs. The feasibility of implementing RBM in five European fisheries was investigated in cooperation with relevant stakeholders through artificial planning processes and computer simulations. The operators involved were enthusiastic, and new management plans were drafted based on the framework. These included socioeconomic OTs in addition to traditional stock objectives, encompassing an ecosystem approach. Several issues are in need of further research to consolidate the approach and prepare the ground for practical implementation, including: the specification of the legal and regulatory framework required to underpin RBM, details of transitional arrangements when shifting towards RBM (including cost‐sharing) and the development of necessary organizational capacity for operators. Initially, we therefore envisage the framework being applied to high‐value single‐species fisheries, with a limited number of participants, which are adequately represented by a competent organization.  相似文献   

Does phosphite,a reduced form of phosphate contribute to phosphorus nutrition in corn (Zea mays L.)?     

Apurba K. Sutradhar  Daryl B. Arnall  Bruce L. Dunn  William R. Raun 《Journal of plant nutrition》2019,42(9):982-989

Although fungicidal properties of phosphite have been recognized, its use as a fertilizer-P is still being debated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar-applied phosphite (HPO₃^?2) on the growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.). Traditional fertilizer-P was also applied to compare the efficacy of phosphite. Dry matter yield, grain yield, and tissue P concentrations (grain, leaf, and stem) were evaluated in two field and two greenhouse studies in Oklahoma for 2 years. A commercial phosphite solution which contains 200?g P kg^?1 was sprayed at the rate of 2.34?L ha^?1 at different growth stages. Foliar phosphite did not increase dry matter and grain yield. In general, P concentrations in the grain, leaf, and stem were unaffected regardless of number of applications. Farmers should take with caution while using phosphite as a fertilizer to correct P deficiency for corn production.  相似文献   

Study on Relationship Between the Size Distribution of Glutenin Polymeric Protein and Wheat Flour Mixing Properties     

ZHAO Hui-xian  HU Sheng-wu  GUO Ai-guang  Daryl Mares 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2002,1(2):138-142

Parental varieties Suneca and Cook have contrasting alleles at each of the five glutenin subunit loci (Glu-B1, Glu- D1, Glu-A3, Glu-B3, and Glu-D3), a set of 60 lines homozygous at these loci from the F4 progeny population of Suneca × Cook was chosen to analyze the variation of the size distribution of glutenin polymeric protein (measured by SE-HPLC) and flour mixing properties of these lines and to study relationship between the size distribution of glutenin polymeric protein and wheat flour mixing properties. The results showed that there were very significant differences among the relative size distributions of glutenin polymeric protein (i. e. percentage of unextracTable polymeric protein in the total polymeric protein, or UPP% ) and dough development times (i. e. peak time of mixograph, or PTM) of different homozygous lines, respectively.Flour mixograph shape was closely related to UPP% value. The results also indicated that UPP% was very strongly positive correlation with PTM and negative correlation with peak height of mixograph (PHM).Comparing with flour protein content (FP%), UPP% gave greater effect on PTM and PHM, i.e. flour mixing properties, and it can be considered as one of criteria for quality selecting from early generation of breeding program.  相似文献   

Influence of high temperature and terminal moisture stress on dormancy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)     

Thomas B. Biddulph  Julie A. Plummer  Tim L. Setter  Daryl J. Mares 《Field Crops Research》2007

Preharvest sprouting is common in cereals that lack grain dormancy if maturing grain is exposed to rain. Over three successive seasons wheat genotypes with a range of dormancy levels, were exposed to moisture stress and periods of high temperature stress (>30 °C) in controlled field trials. Dormancy assessments were based on a germination index of hand threshed grain throughout grain filling. There were three main results. First, moisture stress combined with consistently high temperature during grain filling was associated with induced dormancy in Cunderdin, (germination index of 0.41) in a normally non-dormant genotype (germination index normally >0.80), but no additional dormancy in DM 2001, a dormant genotype (germination index normally <0.10). In contrast sudden heat shocks (>30 °C max. for >12 days) at 30–50 days post-anthesis reduced dormancy, germination index increase of 0.42 on average across five genotypes. Secondly, whilst dormancy was affected by moisture and heat stress, genotypes maintained their relative rankings across environments and genotype had the most effect on dormancy (70–92% of the variation in germination index) with DM 2001 and DH 22 more dormant than DH 56, DH 45 and Cunderdin. Finally, the effect of environment was different for different genotypes; those with partial dormancy (germination index usually 0.20–0.50, DH 56 and DH 45) were most influenced by the environmental conditions with germination indexes ranging from 0.06 to 0.85 depending on environment. Consequently avoidance of high temperatures, moisture stress, and maturity × stress interactions, are important prerequisites in screening for genotypes with genetic differences in dormancy.  相似文献   

Development of highly sprouting tolerant wheat germplasm with reduced germination at low temperature   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shun-Ichi?OsanaiEmail author  Yoichi?Amano  Daryl?Mares 《Euphytica》2005,142(3):301-307

The development of sprouting tolerant spring and winter wheat varieties that retain dormancy in cool, wet conditions is a long-term objective in Hokkaido, Japan. A highly tolerant spring dwarf line, “OS21-5”, derived from “Tordo” × “Zenkoji”, was used to develop transgressive spring, “OS38” and “OS74”; and winter, “OW77”, “OW104” and “OW93” wheats. More recently, winter lines with improved agronomic performance, though still deficient in quality and scab resistance, have been identified. In general, germination percentage of mature grain at 10 ^°C was closely related to the mean temperature experienced during the 5 days prior to maturity (dough–yellow ripening stage) and to the capacity to maintain a high amylograph paste viscosity. Dormancy at 10 ^°C appeared to be determined by a combination of genotype and variation in sensitivity to temperature during the later stages of ripening. Genotypes such as “OS38” and ‘OWl04’ were both highly tolerant to germination at 10 ^°C and insensitive to temperature during ripening. By comparison, most of the other cultivars showed a similar, intermediate sensitivity to ripening temperature, and dormancy decreased as ripening temperature increased. Dormancy of‘RL4137’ at maturity, and to a lesser extent ‘Gifukomugi’ and ‘KKI354’, was very sensitive to ripening temperature and useful levels of dormancy only developed under cool ripening temperatures, mean temperature < 18–20 ^°C.  相似文献   

Localization of iron in rice grain using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy and high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry     

Bianca Kyriacou  Katie L. Moore  David Paterson  Martin D. de Jonge  Daryl L. Howard  James Stangoulis  Mark Tester  Enzo Lombi  Alexander A.T. Johnson 《Journal of Cereal Science》2014

Cereal crops accumulate low levels of iron (Fe) of which only a small fraction (5–10%) is bioavailable in human diets. Extensive co-localization of Fe in outer grain tissues with phytic acid, a strong chelator of metal ions, results in the formation of insoluble complexes that cannot be digested by humans. Here we describe the use of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) and high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to map the distribution of Fe, zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P) and other elements in the aleurone and subaleurone layers of mature grain from wild-type and an Fe-enriched line of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The results obtained from both XFM and NanoSIMS indicated that most Fe was co-localized with P (indicative of phytic acid) in the aleurone layer but that a small amount of Fe, often present as “hotspots”, extended further into the subaleurone and outer endosperm in a pattern that was not co-localized with P. We hypothesize that Fe in subaleurone and outer endosperm layers of rice grain could be bound to low molecular weight chelators such as nicotianamine and/or deoxymugineic acid.  相似文献   

Gender differences and performance in science     

Muller CB  Ride SM  Fouke J  Whitney T  Denton DD  Cantor N  Nelson DJ  Plummer J  Busch-Vishniac I  Meyers C  Rosser SV  Schiebinger L  Roberts E  Burgess D  Beeson C  Metz SS  Sanders L  Watford BA  Ivey ES  Frank Fox M  Wettack S  Klawe M  Wulf WA  Girgus J  Leboy PS  Babco EL  Shanahan B  Didion C  Chubin DE  Frize M  Ganter SL  Nalley EA  Franz J  Abruña HD  Strober MH  Zimmer Daniels J  Carter EA  Rhodes JH  Schrijver I  Zakian VA  Simons B  Martin U  Boaler J  Jolluck KR  Mankekar P  Gray RM  Conkey MW  Stansky P  Xie A  Martin P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5712):1043

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重新评估母猪妊娠期日粮的纤维营养     

Duane E.Reese  Allen Prosch  Kent M.Esridge  冯占雨  杨永卿 《国外畜牧学(猪与禽)》2009,29(6):10-15

养猪生产者有机会通过给妊娠母猪饲喂富含纤维的日粮来维持和改善其繁殖性能。 概述：笔者查阅了1975～2007年发表的24篇报告,以确定给妊娠母猪饲喂高水平纤维型日粮所产生的总体影响。母猪及其产仔性状通过每个试验内各个处理的母猪窝数来权衡。总体而言,母猪妊娠阶段可以安全地采食高纤维日粮,而几乎不会带来的有害影响。母猪采食高水平纤维型日粮后产生的积极影响可明显地反映在窝产仔数（提高0.2～0.6头/窝）和哺乳期的采食量（提高0.5～0.8lb/d）上,但在母猪持续采食高水平纤维型日粮后的第2个繁殖周期前,这些影响并不是非常显著。通过饲喂高水平纤维型日粮,可能有助于确保母猪及其所产仔猪的生产性能得到改善,但纤维类饲料必须在母猪配种之前加入所喂的日粮中。  相似文献