Reduction of fumonisin B1 in corn grits by single-screw extrusion     

Bullerman LB  Bianchini A  Hanna MA  Jackson LS  Jablonski J  Ryu D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(7):2400-2405

This study was designed to determine the efficacy of extrusion in reducing fumonisin B1 in corn flaking grits in the presence and absence of glucose. In addition, degradation products of fumonisin B1 during extrusion were identified and quantitated with a mass balance approach. Uncontaminated clean corn grits, grits spiked with 30 microg/g fumonisin B1, and grits fermented with Fusarium verticillioides M-2552 (40-50 microg/g fumonisin B1) were extruded in the presence and absence of glucose (10%, w/w) using a single-screw extruder. Extrusion decreased fumonisin B1 by 21-37%, whereas the same process with added glucose further decreased fumonisin B1 by 77-87%. LC-fluorescence and LC-MS showed that most fumonisin in the extruded samples without added glucose was the fumonisin B1 form, whereas the main degradation product in grits extruded with glucose was N-(deoxy- d-fructos-1-yl)fumonisin B1. The formation of hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 was not significant during extrusion. Results suggest that extrusion in the presence of glucose may reduce fumonisin B1 in corn grits significantly.  相似文献   

Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases          下载免费PDF全文

M.R. Lappin  J. Blondeau  D. Boothe  E.B. Breitschwerdt  L. Guardabassi  D.H. Lloyd  M.G. Papich  S.C. Rankin  J.E. Sykes  J. Turnidge  J.S. Weese 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2017,31(2):279-294

Respiratory tract disease can be associated with primary or secondary bacterial infections in dogs and cats and is a common reason for use and potential misuse, improper use, and overuse of antimicrobials. There is a lack of comprehensive treatment guidelines such as those that are available for human medicine. Accordingly, the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases convened a Working Group of clinical microbiologists, pharmacologists, and internists to share experiences, examine scientific data, review clinical trials, and develop these guidelines to assist veterinarians in making antimicrobial treatment choices for use in the management of bacterial respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.  相似文献   

Milling Value of Sorghums Compared by Adjusting Yields to a Constant Product Color     

Joseph M. Awika  Elly L. Suhendro  Lloyd W. Rooney 《Cereal Chemistry》2002,79(2):249-251

A method of comparing milling values of sorghum by adjusting yields to standard L values was developed. The milling values of ‘Dorado’ (an excellent food-type sorghum variety), ‘ATx399 × RTx430’ (a commercial red sorghum hybrid) and three ‘Warner 902W’ (commercial white food type hybrids with different levels of weathering designated W-1, W-2, and W-3) were determined using a tangential abrasive dehulling device for various times. Color (L, a, b) was measured on the decorticated grain (grits) and the ground grits (flour). The yields (by weight) of flours adjusted to an L value of 85 were 93, 88, 86, 84, and 70% for Dorado, W-2, W-1, W-3, and red, respectively. The b (yellow) values were highest for red and lowest for Dorado. The grits yields were 96, 89, 84.5, 81.5, and 56.5% when adjusted to an L of 67 for Dorado, W-2, W-1, W-3, and red sorghums, respectively. Milling yields expressed at comparable flour or grit color clearly demonstrate that white food-type sorghums have significantly better milling yields than red sorghums. Adjusting milling yields to a standard L value is an accurate and easy way to compare milling properties of sorghums for yield and product color.  相似文献   

Environmental Conditions Causing Milled Rice Kernel Breakage in Medium-Grain Varieties     

Brian J. Lloyd  Terry J. Siebenmorgen 《Cereal Chemistry》1999,76(3):426-427

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Impact of weather on off-flavour episodes at a Louisiana commercial catfish farm     

Barry K Hurlburt  Suzanne S Brashear  Steven W Lloyd  Casey C Grimm  Jessica L Thomson  & Paul V Zimba 《Aquaculture Research》2009,40(5):566-574

The catfish aquaculture industry is hampered by off-flavour events that affect timely fish sales. In this study, weather data were correlated with geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) levels in 21 commercial pond's water samples. Samples were collected weekly for 44 weeks. The off-flavour compounds, geosmin and 2-MIB, were quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Weather data were collected near the catfish farm and included maximum and minimum air temperature, rainfall, average wind velocity, maximum and minimum humidity, and maximum and minimum soil temperature. Geosmin was weakly and positively correlated with air and soil temperatures, and weakly and negatively correlated with wind velocity. 2-MIB was strongly and positively correlated with air and soil temperatures, moderately and negatively correlated with wind velocity, and weakly and positively correlated with maximum humidity. There were no bivariate relationships between rainfall, minimum humidity or pond size, and levels of either off-flavour compound. Using logistic regression, the best predictors for off-flavour status based on geosmin levels included minimum soil temperature, rainfall and minimum humidity. The best predictors for off-flavour status based on 2-MIB levels included minimum soil temperature and average wind velocity. Soil temperature and rainfall were risk factors for off-flavour, while humidity and wind velocity were protective factors.  相似文献   

Guidelines for riders for coping with conditions of excessive heat and humidity     

Dr. J. Lloyd Parry 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1994,14(12):669-670

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Rapid identification of Haemophilus somnus, Histophilus ovis and Actinobacillus seminis using the API ZYM system     

D V Cousins  J M Lloyd 《Veterinary microbiology》1988,17(1):75-81

The API ZYM system, a commercially-available technique that measures bacterial enzyme activity was used to test 43 isolates identified as H. somnus, H. ovis or A. seminis and 19 from related genera. The enzyme patterns resulting from the API ZYM differentiated H. somnus and H. ovis from A. seminis and related genera but not from each other. An identification scheme based on 9 of the enzymes in the API ZYM and a few simple biochemical tests is proposed for the rapid and reliable identification of these bacteria in a diagnostic bacteriology laboratory.  相似文献   

Eimeria stiedae causes most of the white-spotted liver lesions in wild European rabbits in Cambridgeshire,United Kingdom     

Diana Bochy&#x;ska  Sheelagh Lloyd  Olivier Restif  Katherine Hughes 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2022,34(2):199

In rabbits, a white-spotted liver can be indicative of one of several disease processes, frequently caused by parasites. To date, the prevalence of white-spotted liver in wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the United Kingdom is undetermined. We evaluated the prevalence and main parasitic etiologies of this entity in a U.K. population of wild rabbits. Wild rabbits (n = 87) were shot in Cambridgeshire for population control, and cadavers were donated for research. Postmortem examination was undertaken, including gross and histologic hepatic examination. Macroscopic lesions consistent with white-spotted liver were found in 46 of 87 (53%) rabbits examined; most of these lesions were considered to be mild. For 28 of 46 (59%) rabbits with gross hepatic lesions, an etiologic agent was apparent histologically. Eimeria stiedae was detected in 21 of 87 (24%) rabbits, and Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) was detected in 7 of 87 (8%). In the subset of rabbits killed in the summer, there was a significant association between white-spotted liver and juvenile age class. There was also an association between white-spotted liver caused by E. stiedae and juvenile age class. When restricting analysis to rabbits with white-spotted liver caused by E. stiedae and submitted in the summer, both juvenile age class and female had significant effects. E. stiedae and C. hepaticum can be transmitted to pet lagomorphs via contaminated vegetation, and to humans in the case of the latter, which demonstrates the importance of monitoring the prevalence of these parasitic diseases in wild rabbits.  相似文献