Selection in Early Generations of Dried Peas, Pisurm sativum L.     

D. Stelling  E. Ebmeyer 《Plant Breeding》1990,105(3):169-179

Seed production in peas is limited by early and severe lodging and by a low multiplication rate and pea breeders have tried to overcome such disadvantages by growing plants in early generations widely-spaced against wire netting. Progenies of four pea crosses were each tested over a period of tour years to investigate whether single plant selection for quantitative characters, in particular grain yield, is efficient in such circumstances in the Is generation. Efficiency of selection was also studied for yield and yield related characters in the F₃ based on f₂ derived single plant progenies grown in unreplicated microplots. Early yield selection in the F₂ as well as in the F₃ proved to be of poor efficiency. Heritability values of all recorded traits were only slightly higher in the F₃ than in the F₂. Efficiency of yield selection could not be increased significantly in these early generations by indirect selection, either for single traits or for index traits. Possible reasons are discussed for the low efficiency of direct and indirect selection for grain yield in early generations and proposals are made for its improvement and for alternative selection strategies.  相似文献   

Quantitative trait loci for adult-plant resistance to Mycosphaerella graminicola in two winter wheat populations     

Risser P  Ebmeyer E  Korzun V  Hartl L  Miedaner T 《Phytopathology》2011,101(10):1209-1216

Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the most important leaf spot diseases in wheat worldwide. The goal of this study was to detect chromosomal regions for adult-plant resistance in large winter wheat populations to STB. Inoculation by two isolates with virulence to Stb6 and Stb15, both present in the parents, was performed and STB severity was visually scored plotwise as percent coverage of flag leaves with pycnidia-bearing lesions. 'Florett'/'Biscay' and 'Tuareg'/'Biscay', each comprising a cross of a resistant and a susceptible cultivar, with population sizes of 316 and 269 F(7:8) recombinant inbred lines, respectively, were phenotyped across four and five environments and mapped with amplified fragment length polymorphism, diversity array technology, and simple sequence repeat markers covering polymorphic regions of ≈1,340 centimorgans. Phenotypic data revealed significant (P < 0.01) genotypic differentiation for STB, heading date, and plant height. Entry-mean heritabilities (h(2)) for STB were 0.73 for 'Florett'/'Biscay' and 0.38 for 'Tuareg'/'Biscay'. All correlations between STB and heading date as well as between STB and plant height were low (r = -0.13 to -0.20). In quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, nine and six QTL were found for STB ratings explaining, together, 55 and 51% of phenotypic variation in 'Florett'/'Biscay' and 'Tuareg'/'Biscay', respectively. Genotype-environment and QTL-environment interactions had a large impact. Two major QTL were detected consistently across environments on chromosomes 3B and 6D from 'Florett' and chromosomes 4B and 6B from 'Tuareg', each explaining 12 to 17% of normalized adjusted phenotypic variance. These results indicate that adult-plant resistance to STB in both mapping populations was of a quantitative nature.  相似文献   

Wirkung einer langjährig differenzierten mineralisch-organischen Düngung auf Ertrag,Humusgehalt, N-Bilanz und Nährstoffgehalte des Bodens     

Erhard Albert  Michael Grunert 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):1073-1098

Abstract

Since 1966, the effects of increasing mineral N fertilization in combination with different organic fertilizers (without, farmyard manure, straw) were examined at two sites in Saxonia (Methau: loam, Spröda: loamy sand) in two-factorial static experiments with regard to yield, humus content, N-balance, N_min content and DL-soluble contents of phosphor and potassium. During the period 1966–2010, rising N application caused a significant yield increase. Farmyard manure treatments always showed the highest yields. Particularly, the yields of potatoes and sugar beets were considerably increased by applying manure, while this had substantially smaller effects on winter wheat and summer barley. The humus contents decreased clearly on both sites. They were almost halved with omitted organic fertilization. With manure supply, the starting contents could not be kept upright, but they were, in relation to omitted organic fertilization, on a clearly higher level. The effect on humus content, resulting from the straw fertilization, was comparatively weak. Under these experimental conditions, high yields with slightly negative to slightly positive N-balance results, were realised. Before winter, the N_min content increased with rising N supply and showed a significant dependence to the N-balances. In case of manure fertilization, they always were on a higher level. The long-term differentiated fertilization strongly affected the DL-soluble contents of phosphor and potassium of the soil.  相似文献   

Effect of Different Mineral and Organic Fertilization on Uptake and Balance of Nutrients as well as on Contents of Dl-soluble Phosphorus and Potassium in a Long-term Trail     

Erhard Albert  Hans Lippold 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):459-470

On the basis of results from stationary long-term trails the accumulating effects of different mineral-organic fertilization on the uptake and the balance of nutrients as well as DL-soluble P and K contents in soil was examined. The long-term varied fertilization affected the uptake and the balance of nutrients considerably. With farmyard-manure supplied doses of P and K caused a significant higher increase of the plant-available soil contents in comparison to the straw-fertilization and also to the pure mineral PK-supply. The organic fertilization obviously favours by increased humus contents and a thereby promoted biological activity the solubility behavior of phosphorus and potassium.  相似文献   

Calcarides A–E,Antibacterial Macrocyclic and Linear Polyesters from a Calcarisporium Strain     

Johanna Silber  Birgit Ohlendorf  Antje Labes  Arlette Erhard  Johannes F. Imhoff 《Marine drugs》2013,11(9):3309-3323

Bioactive compounds were detected in crude extracts of the fungus, Calcarisporium sp. KF525, which was isolated from German Wadden Sea water samples. Purification of the metabolites from the extracts yielded the five known polyesters, 15G256α, α-2, β, β-2 and π (1–5), and five new derivatives thereof, named calcarides A–E (6–10). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy supported by UV and HRESIMS data. The compounds exhibited inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Xanthomonas campestris and Propionibacterium acnes. As the antibacterial activities were highly specific with regard to compound and test strain, a tight structure-activity relationship is assumed.  相似文献   

Effect of the Rht-D1 dwarfing locus on Fusarium head blight rating in three segregating populations of winter wheat     

H.-H. Voss    J. Holzapfel    L. Hartl    V. Korzun    F. Rabenstein    E. Ebmeyer    H. Coester    H. Kempf    T. Miedaner 《Plant Breeding》2008,127(4):333-339

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the major fungal diseases in wheat throughout the world. To control FHB severity, breeding genetically resistant varieties is thought to be the most promising strategy. In wheat breeding programmes, short cultivars predominantly carrying the Norin 10 derived semi-dwarfing allele Rht-D1b ( Rht2 ) are preferred worldwide because of higher achievable grain yields and lower risk of lodging. This study was conducted to determine the influence of different alleles at the Rht-D1 locus on FHB reaction. Three winter wheat populations were produced by crossing rather susceptible varieties 'Biscay', 'Pirat' and 'Rubens' carrying mutant-type allele Rht-D1b with the more resistant varieties 'Apache', 'Romanus' and 'History' containing the Rht-D1a wild-type allele ( rht2 ). The 190, 216 and 103 progeny of the F₄-derived populations were assayed for the presence of Rht-D1a or Rht-D1b , plant height, and mean FHB rating after spray inoculation at flowering time with a highly aggressive isolate of Fusarium culmorum . Comparably, high mean FHB severities ranging from 28% to 49% for all population × environment combinations were achieved, with significant genotypic variation for FHB rating and plant height within all populations. Both traits were negatively correlated with r ranging from −0.48 to −0.61 in the complete populations. However, within the subpopulations homozygous for one or other height allele these correlations decreased considerably. The Rht-D1b semi-dwarfing allele resulted in 7–18% shorter plants, depending on the population, but a considerably increased FHB reaction of 22–53%. Nevertheless, significant genotypic variance for FHB resistance remained in all tested Rht-D1b subpopulations indicating that selection for moderately FHB resistant genotypes within agronomically beneficial Rht-D1b genotypes is still feasible.  相似文献   

Hybrid seed set in wheat is a complex trait but can be improved indirectly by selection for male floral traits     

Philipp H. G. Boeven  Tobias Würschum  Julia Rudloff  Erhard Ebmeyer  C. Friedrich H. Longin 《Euphytica》2018,214(7):110

Efficient hybrid wheat breeding requires the redesign of the wheat floral architecure to enhance cross-pollination. Several studies evaluated the phenotypic variation and the genetic architecture of male floral traits, but their contribution to the most important trait, hybrid seed set on the female parent, has not yet been considered. To bridge this gap, we employed 31 male lines and evaluated the hybrid seed set on two female tester lines in crossing blocks. Hybrid seed set showed large genetic variance and high heritability, which demonstrates the potential for the improvement of this trait. However, the assessment of hybrid seed set is difficult as secondary traits like plant height and especially flowering time, as well as the environment largely influence the hybrid seed set. Nevertheless, a moderately high correlation between visual anther extrusion and hybrid seed set opens up the possibility to use visual anther extrusion as an indirect trait for preliminary male screenings. Further research evaluating traits influencing female receptivity coupled with genomics-assisted approaches are highly recommended to develop an improved selection portfolio for maximizing hybrid seed set.  相似文献   

Higher grain yield and higher grain protein deviation underline the potential of hybrid wheat for a sustainable agriculture          下载免费PDF全文

Patrick Thorwarth  Hans P. Piepho  Yusheng Zhao  Erhard Ebmeyer  Johannes Schacht  Ralf Schachschneider  Ebrahim Kazman  Jochen C. Reif  Tobias Würschum  Carl Friedrich Horst Longin 《Plant Breeding》2018,137(3):326-337

Grain yield and protein content are traits of major importance in wheat breeding, but their combination is challenging due to a tight negative correlation. Protein yield and grain protein deviation have been proposed as selection criteria to simultaneously improve both traits. Sedimentation volume is an indicator of protein quality, which plays an important role for bread‐making quality in wheat. All these traits have been investigated in our study with 135 parental inbred lines, their 1,604 hybrids and 10 commercial check varieties evaluated at five environments. The focus of our study was to investigate the usefulness of the grain protein deviation and to define a bivariate model for calculating the grain protein deviation. Further, we compared line and hybrid wheat for grain yield and quality‐related parameters such as protein content and sedimentation volume. The grain protein deviation determined with a bivariate model delivered robust estimates of variance components and enabled a balanced selection of genotypes with improved protein content and grain yield across different quality classes. Although heterosis for protein content and sedimentation volume was negative, hybrids had a higher grain protein deviation as well as higher grain yield at a given sedimentation volume or a given protein content than line varieties.  相似文献   

德国安格斯肉牛和西门塔尔肉牛分娩后的母体保护行为及其与生产性状的关系     

Hoppe S  Brandt H R  Erhard G  Gauly M 《饲料博览》2008,(10):39-39

试验选用390头德国安格斯牛（阿伯丁安格斯牛X德国兼用牛）和西门塔尔母牛,进行了连续7年的试验（2000～2006年）,在其犊牛打耳标时通过母牛分类保护反应测定母体保护行为。试验在母牛分娩后的24h内由固定人员进行。母体保护行为评分（MBS）的差异分析采用以品种、胎次、产犊月份为固定效应的模型以及品种和胎次的互作进行。母牛作为随机效应被参照。品种、胎次以及品种与胎次的互作很大程度上影响母体保护行为评分。德国安格斯牛的评分高于西门塔尔牛,并且相对于年轻母牛而言,经产胎次高的牛评分高。在整个关联母体下测定遗传力,德国安格斯牛为0．14（标准误0．08）,西门塔尔牛为0．42（标准误0．05）。评分重复力分别为德国安格斯牛0．24（标准误0．04）和西门塔尔牛0．42（标准误0．05）。断奶重和犊牛的平均日增重与母体保护行为评分不相关。  相似文献   

Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

Schröter D  Cramer W  Leemans R  Prentice IC  Araújo MB  Arnell NW  Bondeau A  Bugmann H  Carter TR  Gracia CA  de la Vega-Leinert AC  Erhard M  Ewert F  Glendining M  House JI  Kankaanpää S  Klein RJ  Lavorel S  Lindner M  Metzger MJ  Meyer J  Mitchell TD  Reginster I  Rounsevell M  Sabaté S  Sitch S  Smith B  Smith J  Smith P  Sykes MT  Thonicke K  Thuiller W  Tuck G  Zaehle S  Zierl B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5752):1333-1337

Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, "surplus land" for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.  相似文献