Evaluating insecticides for the control of narcissus flies under field conditions in Israel     

D. Ben-Yakir  Ester Hadar  M. Chen 《Phytoparasitica》1997,25(2):93-97

In Israel, narcissus bulb flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are serious pests of cultivated flower bulbs of the families Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. The large narcissus fly(Merodon eques) is the major pest, whereas the small narcissus fly (a new species in the genusEumerus, yet to be described) is only a secondary pest. The large narcissus fly is also considered a quarantine pest by the U.S.A. authorities. Narcissus bulbs,Narcissus tazetta (var. ‘Ziva’), were planted in an experimental field at Bizzaron during November 1995 and harvested during June 1996. Currently aldicarb (Temik) is recommended for the control of narcissus fly larvae. We compared the control efficacy of imidacloprid (Confidor) and isazofos (Miral) with that of aldicarb. These latter insecticides were applied to the soil in February, in April, or on both dates. The mean level of damaged bulbs in the untreated plots was 32%. Two applications of aldicarb, one in February and one in April, reduced the damage to the lowest level of 0.5%. A single application of aldicarb in February, and two applications of imidacloprid—one in February and one in April—reduced the damage to 5-10%. Treatments with imidacloprid in February or in April, reduced the damage to 12-13%. Neither one application of aldicarb in April, nor any of the treatments with isazofos, was effective. In all treatments, larvae of the large narcissus fly were found in only approximately one-third of the damaged bulbs. The level of infestation with the small narcissus fly in the untreated bulbs was only approximately 2%. The effects of the insecticide treatments on the small narcissus fly were similar to those recorded for the large narcissus fly .  相似文献   

Management of a caseous lymphadenitis outbreak in a new Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) stock reservoir     

Andreu Colom-Cadena  Roser Velarde  Jesús Salinas  Carmen Borge  Ignacio García-Bocanegra  Emmanuel Serrano  Diana Gassó  Ester Bach  Encarna Casas-Díaz  Jorge R López-Olvera  Santiago Lavín  Luís León-Vizcaíno  Gregorio Mentaberre 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1)

Background

In 2010, an Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) stock reservoir was established for conservation purposes in north-eastern Spain. Eighteen ibexes were captured in the wild and housed in a 17 hectare enclosure. Once in captivity, a caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) outbreak occurred and ibex handlings were carried out at six-month intervals between 2010 and 2013 to perform health examinations and sampling. Treatment with a bacterin-based autovaccine and penicillin G benzatine was added during the third and subsequent handlings, when infection by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was confirmed. Changes in lesion score, serum anti-C. pseudotuberculosis antibodies and haematological parameters were analyzed to assess captivity effects, disease emergence and treatment efficacy. Serum acute phase proteins (APP) Haptoglobin (Hp), Amyloid A (SAA) and Acid Soluble Glycoprotein (ASG) concentrations were also determined to evaluate their usefulness as indicators of clinical status.Once in captivity, 12 out of 14 ibexes (85.7%) seroconverted, preceding the emergence of clinical signs; moreover, TP, WBC, eosinophil and platelet cell counts increased while monocyte and basophil cell counts decreased. After treatment, casualties and fistulas disappeared and both packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin concentration significantly increased. Hp, SAA and ASG values were under the limit of detection or showed no significant differences.

Conclusions

A role for captivity in contagion rate is suggested by the increase in antibody levels against C. pseudotuberculosis and the emergence of clinical signs. Although boosted by captivity, this is the first report of an outbreak of caseous lymphadenitis displaying high morbidity and mortality in wild ungulates. Treatment consisting of both vaccination and antibiotic therapy seemed to prevent mortality and alleviate disease severity, but was not reflected in the humoural response. Haematology and APP were not useful indicators in our study, perhaps due to the sampling frequency. Presumably endemic and irrelevant in the wild, this common disease of domestic small ruminants is complicating conservation efforts for the Iberian ibex in north-eastern Spain.  相似文献   

Electrical or photocontrol of the rotary motion of a metallacarborane     

Hawthorne MF  Zink JI  Skelton JM  Bayer MJ  Liu C  Livshits E  Baer R  Neuhauser D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5665):1849-1851

Rotary motion around a molecular axis has been controlled by simple electron transfer processes and by photoexcitation. The basis of the motion is intramolecular rotation of a carborane cage ligand (7,8-dicarbollide) around a nickel axle. The Ni(III) metallacarborane structure is a transoid sandwich with two pairs of carbon vertices reflected through a center of symmetry, but that of the Ni(IV) species is cisoid. The interconversion of the two provides the basis for controlled, rotational, oscillatory motion. The energies of the Ni(III) and Ni(IV) species are calculated as a function of the rotation angle.  相似文献   

Deciphering the rhizosphere microbiome for disease-suppressive bacteria   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Mendes R  Kruijt M  de Bruijn I  Dekkers E  van der Voort M  Schneider JH  Piceno YM  DeSantis TZ  Andersen GL  Bakker PA  Raaijmakers JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6033):1097-1100

Disease-suppressive soils are exceptional ecosystems in which crop plants suffer less from specific soil-borne pathogens than expected owing to the activities of other soil microorganisms. For most disease-suppressive soils, the microbes and mechanisms involved in pathogen control are unknown. By coupling PhyloChip-based metagenomics of the rhizosphere microbiome with culture-dependent functional analyses, we identified key bacterial taxa and genes involved in suppression of a fungal root pathogen. More than 33,000 bacterial and archaeal species were detected, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria consistently associated with disease suppression. Members of the γ-Proteobacteria were shown to have disease-suppressive activity governed by nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Our data indicate that upon attack by a fungal root pathogen, plants can exploit microbial consortia from soil for protection against infections.  相似文献   

MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY IN CHESTNUT GROVES: THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL MANGANESE     

Ester Portela  Carlos Coelho Pires  José Louzada 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(3):452-460

In northeastern Portugal, it has been difficult to identify the threshold value of exchangeable magnesium (Mg) below which Mg deficiency occurs in chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.), since discrepancies have been observed in some areas, apparently associated with parent material. A regional survey was carried out in chestnut groves established in soils derived from bedrock of several geological formations, some of them rich in manganese (Mn). Leaf sampling and soil analysis were performed in 38 groves. The lowest value of foliar Mg concentration under good growing conditions was 1.8 g kg^?1 and the highest value in trees with Mg deficiency symptoms was 1.5 g kg^?1. Under acidic soil conditions higher levels of extractable Mn propitiate Mg deficiency. The soils need to reach higher exchangeable Mg (≥0.34 cmolc kg^?1) in order to supply Mg. For lower values of extractable Mn, the deficiency appears when exchangeable Mg is <0.20 cmolc kg^?1 of soil.  相似文献   

Efficacy of insecticides through contact and oral uptake towards four Agriotes wireworm species under controlled conditions     

K. van Rozen  H. F. Huiting  R. Wilhelm  M. Heger  A. Ester 《EPPO Bulletin》2013,43(1):172-179

Wireworms of Agriotes lineatus, A. obscurus, A. sputator and A. sordidus were exposed to insecticide treated soil using two different control methods. One method consisted of a spray application of insecticides at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 300 g a.i. per ha. The other method consisted of a bait treatment at doses of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 g a.i. per ha. Four insecticides were tested: fipronil and the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and clothianidin. In the soil treatment trial, chlorpyrifos was added as a reference treatment. The two test methods were conducted at different dates on the various species, but in equally controlled conditions. Mortality was observed after one and two (bait treatment) or three (soil treatment) weeks of exposure. Fipronil was highly lethal to each of the wireworm species tested, regardless of the method used. In general, mortality was higher compared to the neonicotinoids tested, the latter showing low or no mortality at the given dose and exposure variants. Applying fipronil in a bait formulation may decrease the amount of active ingredient per ha considerably, therefore baits may have important environmental benefits.  相似文献   

Effect of dietary protein level and source on digestive proteolytic enzyme activity in juvenile Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup 1850     

Ana Rodiles  Ester Santigosa  Marcelino Herrera  Ismael Hachero-Cruzado  María Luisa Cordero  Silvia Martínez-Llorens  Santosh P. Lall  Francisco Javier Alarcón 《Aquaculture International》2012,20(6):1053-1070

The effect of dietary protein level and protein source on growth and proteolytic activity of juvenile Solea senegalensis was studied. In Experiment 1, fish were fed on four experimental diets containing increased protein levels (36, 46, 56 and 67%). In Experiment 2, Senegalese soles were fed on five diets with partial substitution of fish meal by soybean meal, soybean protein concentrate, soybean protein isolate, wheat gluten meal or pea protein concentrate. Results prove that growth and proteolytic activity in the distal intestine of fish were affected by the quantitative increase in dietary protein. The origin of protein source used in the elaboration of experimental diets affected both the amount and composition of the alkaline proteases secreted into the intestinal lumen; however, it did not decrease animal growth. Juvenile Senegalese sole showed capability to modulate digestive protease secretion when the concentration and/or source of dietary protein were modified. Quantity and quality of dietary protein affected protein hydrolysis in Senegalese sole intestine. This study establishes that 30% fish meal protein can be replaced by soybean derivatives without affecting intestinal proteases. Replacement with wheat gluten meal or pea protein concentrate should be taken cautiously, but further research is needed to establish whether growth performance and digestive enzyme physiology of Senegalese sole are affected by plant protein-supplemented diets in a long-term trial.  相似文献   

Acibenzolar‐S‐methyl may prevent vector‐mediated flavescence dorée phytoplasma transmission,but is ineffective in inducing recovery of infected grapevines          下载免费PDF全文

Dimitrios E Miliordos  Luciana Galetto  Ester Ferrari  Mattia Pegoraro  Cristina Marzachì  Domenico Bosco 《Pest management science》2017,73(3):534-540

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Gene pool and connectivity patterns of Pinna nobilis in the Balearic Islands (Spain,Western Mediterranean Sea): Implications for its conservation through restocking     

Mercedes Gonzlez‐Wangüemert  Lorena Basso  Ana Balau  Joana Costa  Lionel Renault  Ester A. Serro  Carlos M. Duarte  Iris E. Hendriks 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(2):175-188

Genetic characterization of the H9N2 influenza viruses circulated in the poultry population in Israel     

Perk S  Banet-Noach C  Shihmanter E  Pokamunski S  Pirak M  Lipkind M  Panshin A 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2006,29(4):207-223

The partial nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 72 H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from chickens and turkeys in Israel during the period 2000-2005 were genetically analyzed. The isolates possessed the three types of amino acid motif -R-S-S-R/G-L-, -R-S-N-R/G-L-, and -R-S-K-R/G-L- at the cleavage site of HA. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all Israeli isolates belonged to the same group which further divided into three closely related sub-groups. The HA genes of these isolates were related to the HA gene of A/chicken/Germany/R45/98 isolated from chicken in Germany in 1998.  相似文献