Does living in an urban environment confer advantages for childhood nutritional status? Analysis of disparities in nutritional status by wealth and residence in Angola, Central African Republic and Senegal     

Kennedy G  Nantel G  Brouwer ID  Kok FJ 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(2):187-193

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between childhood undernutrition and poverty in urban and rural areas. DESIGN: Anthropometric and socio-economic data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in Angola-Secured Territory (Angola ST), Central African Republic and Senegal were used in this analysis. The population considered in this study is children 0-59 months, whose records include complete anthropometric data on height, weight, age, gender, socio-economic level and urban or rural area of residence. In addition to simple urban/rural comparisons, the population was stratified using a wealth index based on living conditions and asset ownership to compare the prevalence, mean Z-score and odds ratios for stunting and wasting. RESULTS: In all cases, when using a simple urban/rural comparison, the prevalence of stunting was significantly higher in rural areas. However, when the urban and rural populations were stratified using a measure of wealth, the differences in prevalence of stunting and underweight in urban and rural areas of Angola ST, Central African Republic and Senegal disappeared. Poor children in these urban areas were just as likely to be stunted or underweight as poor children living in rural areas. The odds ratio of stunting in the poorest compared with the richest quintile was 3.4, 3.2 and 1.5 in Angola ST, Senegal and Central African Republic, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This paper demonstrates that simple urban/rural comparisons mask wide disparities in subgroups according to wealth. There is a strong relationship between poverty and chronic undernutrition in both urban and rural areas; this relationship does not change simply by living in an urban environment. However, urban and rural living conditions and lifestyles differ, and it is important to consider these differences when designing programmes and policies to address undernutrition.  相似文献   

Transcription. Gene expression needs a break to unwind before carrying on     

Haince JF  Rouleau M  Poirier GG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5781):1752-1753

  相似文献   

Emergent properties of reduced-genome Escherichia coli     

Pósfai G  Plunkett G  Fehér T  Frisch D  Keil GM  Umenhoffer K  Kolisnychenko V  Stahl B  Sharma SS  de Arruda M  Burland V  Harcum SW  Blattner FR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5776):1044-1046

With the use of synthetic biology, we reduced the Escherichia coli K-12 genome by making planned, precise deletions. The multiple-deletion series (MDS) strains, with genome reductions up to 15%, were designed by identifying nonessential genes and sequences for elimination, including recombinogenic or mobile DNA and cryptic virulence genes, while preserving good growth profiles and protein production. Genome reduction also led to unanticipated beneficial properties: high electroporation efficiency and accurate propagation of recombinant genes and plasmids that were unstable in other strains. Eradication of stress-induced transposition evidently stabilized the MDS genomes and provided some of the new properties.  相似文献   

Contemporary group estimates adjusted for climatic effects provide a finer definition of the unknown environmental challenges experienced by growing pigs          下载免费PDF全文

S.Z.Y. Guy  L. Li  P.C. Thomson  S. Hermesch 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2017,134(6):520-530

  相似文献   

Obituary: Professor Toshio Fujita          下载免费PDF全文

Yoshiaki Nakagawa  Guy Smagghe 《Pest management science》2018,74(2):263-263

  相似文献