Pleiotropic effects of herbicide‐resistance genes on crop yield: a review     

Henri Darmency 《Pest management science》2013,69(8):897-904

The rapid adoption of genetically engineered herbicide‐resistant crop varieties (HRCVs)—encompassing 83% of all GM crops and nearly 8% of the worldwide arable area—is due to technical efficiency and higher returns. Other herbicide‐resistant varieties obtained from genetic resources and mutagenesis have also been successfully released. Although the benefit for weed control is the main criteria for choosing HRCVs, the pleiotropic costs of genes endowing resistance have rarely been investigated in crops. Here the available data of comparisons between isogenic resistant and susceptible varieties are reviewed. Pleiotropic harmful effects on yield are reported in half of the cases, mostly with resistance mechanisms that originate from genetic resources and mutagenesis (atrazine in oilseed rape and millet, trifluralin in millet, imazamox in cotton) rather than genetic engineering (chlorsulfuron and glufosinate in some oilseed rape varieties, glyphosate in soybean). No effect was found for sethoxydim and bromoxynil resistance. Variable minor effects were found for imazamox, chlorsulfuron, glufosinate and glyphosate resistance. The importance of the breeding plan and the genetic background on the emergence of these effects is pointed out. Breeders' efforts to produce better varieties could compensate for the yield loss, which eliminates any possibility of formulating generic conclusions on pleiotropic effects that can be applied to all resistant crops. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Development of a device for sampling cattle breath     

Claire Turner  Henri Knobloch  John Richards  Peter Richards  Toby T.F. Mottram  David Marlin  Mark A. Chambers 《Biosystems Engineering》2012,112(2):75-81

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Effect of management on reproductive performances of the Achai cattle in the Hindu Kush (Northern Pakistan)     

Saleem M  Rahim IU  Rueff H  Khan M  Khan M  Wiesmann U  Muhammad S 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(6):1297-1302

This study evaluates the effect of management on the undocumented Achai cattle reproductive performance in transhumant farming systems (TFS) and in sedentary farming systems (SFS) in northwestern Pakistan. Data were collected from 172 households in TFS and 270 households in SFS to analyze the effect of farming systems, parity, and calving season on key reproductive traits. The results show that farming systems significantly affect pubertal age, while parity has no significant effect on any of the key traits. The calving season significantly affects the postpartum anoestrus interval in TFS only. More than 50% of the cows in both systems have postpartum anoestrus intervals and calving intervals within the recommended values for cows in tropical countries. Achai cows have high first-service conception rates (70% and 71% for TFS and SFS, respectively) and require a relatively small number of services per conception (1.53 ± 0.06 and 1.48 ± 0.05 SE for TFS and SFS, respectively). This local breed thus warrants conservation under both farming systems.  相似文献   

Larvicidal and residual activity of imidazolium salts against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)          下载免费PDF全文

Emanuelle Goellner  Ademir Tramontini Schmitt  Júlia Lacerda Couto  Nicolas Drumm Müller  Harry Luiz Pilz‐Junior  Henri Stephan Schrekker  Carlos Eugenio Silva  Onilda Santos da Silva 《Pest management science》2018,74(4):1013-1019

BACKGROUND

Aedes aegypti is an important mosquito species that can transmit several arboviruses such as dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya and zika. Because these mosquitoes are becoming resistant to most chemical insecticides used around the world, studies with new larvicides should be prioritized. Based on the known biological profile of imidazolium salts (IS), the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of six IS as larvicides against Ae. aegypti, as tested against Ae. aegypti larvae. Larval mortality was measured after 24 and 48 h, and residual larvicidal activity was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Promising results were obtained with aqueous solutions of two IS: 1‐n‐octadecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ( C ₁₈ MImCl ) and 1‐n‐hexadecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium methanesulfonate ( C ₁₆ MImMeS ), showing up to 90% larval mortality after 48 h exposure. C ₁₈ MImCl was more effective than C ₁₆ mIMeS , causing mortality until day 15 after exposure. An application of C ₁₈ MImCl left to dry under ambient conditions for at least 2 months and then dissolved in water showed a more pronounced residual effect (36 days with 95% mortality and 80% mortality up to 78 days).

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to show the potential of IS in the control of Ae. aegypti. Further studies are needed to understand the mode of action of these compounds in the biological development of this mosquito species. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

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A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for chickens exposed to feed supplemented with monensin during their lifetime          下载免费PDF全文

J. Henri  R. Carrez  B. Méda  M. Laurentie  P. Sanders 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2017,40(4):370-382

We developed a flow‐limited physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for residues of monensin in chickens and evaluated its predictive ability by comparing it with an external data set describing concentration decays after the end of treatment. One advantage of this model is that the values for most parameters (34 of 38) were taken directly from the literature or from field data (for growth and feed intake). Our model included growth (changes in body weight) to describe exposure throughout the life of the chicken. We carried out a local sensitivity analysis to evaluate the relative importance of model parameters on model outputs and revealed the predominant influence of 19 parameters (including three estimated ones): seven pharmacokinetic parameters, five physiological parameters and seven animal performance parameters. Our model estimated the relative bioavailability of monensin as feed additive at 3.9%, which is even lower than the absolute bioavailability in solution (29.91%). Our model can be used for extrapolations of farming conditions, such as monensin supplementation or building lighting programme (which may have a significant impact for short half‐life molecules such as monensin). This validated PBPK model may also be useful for interspecies extrapolations or withdrawal period calculations for modified dosage regimens.  相似文献   

Pathogenicity and aggressiveness in populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas syringae</Emphasis> from Belgian fruit orchards     

Valérie Gilbert  Viviane Planchon  Frédérique Legros  Henri Maraite  Alain Bultreys 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,126(2):263-277

The pathogenicity of 99 Belgian Pseudomonas syringae strains representative of the genetic diversity encountered in Belgian fruit orchards was evaluated by using 17 pathogenicity tests conducted on pear, cherry, plum, lilac, sugar beet and wheat. The P. syringae pv. morsprunorum strains were pathogenic to stone fruit species but the race 1 strains possessing the cfl gene involved in coronatine production were pathogenic in more tests than those lacking the gene. Also, sweet cherry twigs were a better material to detect pathogenic strains of race 1 and sour cherry twigs of race 2, which accorded with race 2 presence in sour cherry orchards in Belgium. Three groups were defined in the pv. syringae based on pathogenicity. One group pathogenic in 71.1% of the tests and to lilac included toxic lipodesipeptide-producing (TLP+) strains. The second group pathogenic in 26.8% of the tests and non-pathogenic to lilac included TLP+ strains. The thirth group pathogenic in 9.1% of the tests and almost specifically pathogenic to pear included TLP− strains. The three groups were genetically heterogeneous. Although strain-host relationships were noted within the pv. syringae, aptata and atrofaciens when considering the strain origins, such relationships were not found in the pathogenicity tests, suggesting that pathogenicity tests could probably not reproduce all the aspects of the host-pathogen interactions. None of the pathogenicity tests was able to provide all the information provided by the complete study. A test on pear buds indicated that strains different from the pv. syringae were pathogenic to pear.  相似文献   

Contamination of Urban Soils in an Area of Northern France Polluted by Dust Emissions of Two Smelters   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Francis Douay  Christelle Pruvot  Helene Roussel  Henri Ciesielski  Herve Fourrier  Nicolas Proix  Christophe Waterlot 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2008,188(1-4):247-260

The contamination of 27 urban topsoils has been assessed around two lead and zinc smelters (Metaleurop Nord and Umicore) in the North of France. Eighteen trace elements have been analysed (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, In, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, Th, U and Zn). The investigation included the study of the vertical distribution of Cd, Pb and Zn as indicators of pollution. It was shown that Cd, In, Pb, Sb and Zn were major pollutants followed in lesser quantities by Ag, Bi, Cu and Hg. In addition, As, Ni, Se, Sn and Tl were present at levels slightly higher than regional agricultural values. The other elements (Co, Cr, Th and U) were at endogenous levels. The observations have highlighted the strong heterogeneity of the physico-chemical parameters of urban soils and the existence of heavy contamination of the under layers by Cd, Pb and Zn. A potential transfer of metals from the topsoil to the deeper layers and especially Cd and Zn, is not excluded. Indeed the soil rework is not the only factor explaining contamination level of the deeper layers of the studied soils. The comparison of the studied element concentrations in urban soils with nearby local agricultural values shows that the dust emission originating from the Metaleurop and Umicore smelters were not the only source of contamination. Thus a large contamination of the studied urban soils by Sb and In could be explained by domestic combustion of coal for heating.  相似文献   

Modifying the microclimate around young oaks through vegetation manipulation: Effects on seedling growth and branching     

Catherine Collet  Franois Ningre  Henri Frochot 《Forest Ecology and Management》1998,110(1-3):249-262

The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of vegetation control on the microclimate (light, air temperature, vapor-pressure deficit (VPD)) and on the growth of young planted, sessile oak seedlings. Three types of vegetation control, creating a range of above-ground interaction intensity, were compared. In the open treatment, vegetation was chemically controlled and was maintained at a low height; in the closed treatment, vegetation was manually controlled and a few dominant individuals that overtopped the oak seedlings were cut; and in the sheath treatment, the vegetation in a 0.5-m diameter circle around each seedling was manually cut to a height equal to three quarters of the total seedling height. In all treatments, a strong reduction of incoming radiation was observed, as well as an increase in air temperature and VPD during the day, and a decrease in daily PET, compared to the reference located 4 m above the vegetation. However, the neighboring vegetation did not modify the microclimate around the seedling to a level that could have induced a significant reduction in seedling photosynthesis and, thus, in seedling growth. Seven years after planting, seedlings were shortest in the open treatment and tallest in the closed treatment (334, 372, 378 cm in the open, sheath and closed treatments, respectively). Seedlings in the open treatment allocated proportionally more biomass to diameter increment than to height growth, compared to seedlings in the sheath and closed treatments. The seedlings averaged 1.77, 1.10 and 1.00 forks in the open, sheath and closed treatments, respectively, and the average height of the lowest fork was 171, 206 and 226 cm in the same treatments. The reduction of the number of forks per seedling was not related to a reduction of the appearance of new forks, but rather to a reduction in the persistence of the existing forks. These changes in stem allometry and in fork development seemed to be related to the lateral shade afforded by the vegetation.  相似文献   

ULTRASOUND-GUIDED TISSUE-CORE BIOPSY OF LIVER, SPLEEN AND KIDNEY IN NORMAL DOGS     

Lieve M.J.H. de  Rycke  DVM  Henri J.J. van  Bree  DVM  PhD  Paul J.M.  Simoens  DVM  PhD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(3):294-299

Six normal dogs were subjected to ultrasound-guided biopsy of the liver, spleen and kidney to examine the accuracy of the technique (i.e. the presence of targeted tissue) and the histologic quality of the biopsies. Five consecutive tissue-core biopsies of each organ were taken on one or more occasions. The accuracy of the technique was 77% for hepatic, 90% for splenic, 53.5% for left kidney and 40% for right kidney biopsies. The histologic quality of the liver and kidney samples was sufficient, although for some samples the diagnostic value was limited by their size and in renal samples either cortical or medullary tissue was sometimes lacking. In contrast, the quality of the splenic sections was not good. The effect of reused and resterilized needles on the quality of the specimens was evaluated by histologic inspection of the samples and by the amount of biopsies lacking tissue. All tissue samples, including those taken with reused or resterilized needles had sharp-cut edges. Twenty-two of the total number of 120 biopsies (18%) contained no tissue. Absence of tissue in the samples was observed in biopsies taken with all needle types. The animals were observed for possible complications of the repeated needle biopsy. Apart from one case of hematuria, no complications were encountered.  相似文献   

Devil rays (Chondrichthyes: Mobula) of the Arabian Seas,with a redescription of Mobula kuhlii (Valenciennes in Müller and Henle, 1841)          下载免费PDF全文

Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara  Daniel Fernando  Sylvain Adnet  Henri Cappetta  Rima W. Jabado 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2017,27(1):197-218

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