Automation in Agriculture by Machine and Deep Learning Techniques: A Review of Recent Developments     

Saleem  Muhammad Hammad  Potgieter  Johan  Arif  Khalid Mahmood 《Precision Agriculture》2021,22(6):2053-2091

Precision Agriculture - Recently, agriculture has gained much attention regarding automation by artificial intelligence techniques and robotic systems. Particularly, with the advancements in...  相似文献   

Correction to: Automation in Agriculture by Machine and Deep Learning Techniques: A Review of Recent Developments     

Saleem  Muhammad Hammad  Potgieter  Johan  Arif  Khalid Mahmood 《Precision Agriculture》2021,22(6):2092-2094

Precision Agriculture - A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09824-9  相似文献   

Recovery of photosynthetic capacity in Scots pine: a model analysis of forest plots with contrasting soil temperature     

Per-Erik Mellander  Johan Bergh  Tomas Lundmark  Kevin Bishop 《European Journal of Forest Research》2008,127(1):71-79

Both aboveground and belowground climate affects net primary production (NNP) and forest growth. Little is known about how above and belowground factors interact. The BIOMASS-model was tested to simulate photosynthetic recovery over a wide range of soil temperatures created by snow cover manipulations on tree-scale plots in a 20-year-old Scots pine stand in northern Sweden. The differences in timing of soil warming between the plots covered a span of two months. Carbon assimilation in needles, sap flow, needle water potential and climatic parameters were measured in the field. The simulations revealed that an early start of soil warming gave a relatively early photosynthetic recovery and a 7.5% increase of NPP. Late soil warming delayed the photosynthetic recovery and reduced the NPP by 13.7%. This indicated that soil temperature needed to be accounted for, as well as air temperature, when analysing photosynthetic recovery and NPP in boreal environment. The effects of differences in soil temperature were reflected in the simulated photosynthetic recovery. The model did not fully capture the delay of photosynthetic recovery caused by a late soil warming. It was possible to integrate the complexity of the soil climate effects into a threshold date for soil thaw, using sapflow measurements together with information about air temperature and a day degree sum, as long as water availability was not limiting water uptake by roots. Although a more realistic mechanism than that currently in BIOMASS is desirable as climate change shifts the typical patterns of interplay between air and soil temperature dynamics.  相似文献   

Evaluation of genetic variation in Lachenalia bulbifera (Hyacinthaceae) using RAPDs     

Riana Kleynhans  Johan J. Spies 《Euphytica》2000,115(2):141-147

RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) analyses were carried out on 21 accessions of Lachenalia bulbifera (Cyrillo) Engl. Five pre-selected primers produced an average of 88% polymorphisms. Fifteen of the 21 accessions could be identified using the five primers. In a pairwise comparison genetic distance values ranging from 0.11 to 1.08 were obtained. These values reveal a high amount of variation within the species. The genetic distance values within the tetraploid and hexaploid groups on the south coast were low, but values were high between the groups on the south coast and those on the west coast. A dendogram was constructed from the RAPD banding profiles, using UPGM cluster analysis. The dendogram clusters certain accessions together. These clusters are supported by their geographical locality and chromosome data. The hexaploid group, tetraploid group and octoploid group on the south coast are respectively clustered together. It is concluded that RAPDs can be used to assess the genetic variation at an intra-specific level in Lachenalia. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Biochemical Mechanisms Involved in Selective Fungitoxicity of Two Sterol 14α-Demethylation Inhibitors,Prochloraz and Quinconazole: Accumulation and Metabolism Studies     

Johan C. Kapteyn  John B. Pillmoor  Maarten A. De Waard 《Pest management science》1992,36(2):85-93

The selective fungitoxic actions of prochloraz (an imidazole) and a triazole fungicide, quinconazole (3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1 H- 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)- 4(3H)-quinazolinone: II ), were studied with selected phytopathogenic fungi. With the exception of Ustilago maydis, all the fungi tested were more sensitive to prochloraz than to II. A number of DMI-resistant mutants of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum showed positive cross-resistance to both DMIs, but except for P. italicum isolate H17, the levels of resistance to II were much higher than to prochloraz. The generally higher toxicity of prochloraz to the fungi investigated, as compared to II , could not be ascribed to the slightly higher accumulation of prochloraz. With regard to prochloraz, there was no general correlation between the sensitivity of the fungi tested and the amount of fungicide accumulated. A similar situation was evident for II. However, the DMI-resistant mutants of P. italicum did show a reduced accumulation of both azoles, which may account for a low level of acquired DMI-resistance in this fungus. Since accumulation levels of the test compounds in the isolates with different degrees of resistance were the same, additional mechanisms of resistance may be involved in isolates with relatively high degrees of DMI-resistance. No detectable amounts of fungicide metabolites were found in most fungi tested over a 16-hour incubation period. Therefore, fungal metabolism is not generally responsible for the differences in sensitivity between fungi to each azole tested. It also does not generally explain the differential toxicities of prochloraz and II to each individual species. The exception to this was Rhizoctonia solani which metabolized prochloraz to a non-fungitoxic compound. This correlated with its low prochloraz sensitivity.  相似文献   

Thromboelastographic platelet mapping in dogs with complicated Babesia rossi infection     

Liesl J. van Rooyen  Emma H. Hooijberg  Johan P. Schoeman  Amelia Goddard 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2019,48(1):11-18

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The challenge for the soil science community to contribute to the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals     

Johan Bouma  Luca Montanarella  Gregory Evanylo 《Soil Use and Management》2019,35(4):538-546

Seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by 193 Governments at the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2015 for achievement by 2030. These SDGs present a roadmap to a sustainable future and a challenge to the science community. To guide activities and check progress, targets and indicators have been and are still being defined. The soil science community has published documents that describe the primary importance of soil for SDGs addressing hunger, water quality, climate mitigation and biodiversity preservation, and secondary relevance of soil for addressing several other SDGs. Soil scientists only marginally participated in the SDG discussions and are currently only peripherally engaged in discussions on targets or indicators. Agreement on several soil‐related indicators has still not been achieved. Involvement of soil scientists in SDG‐based studies is desirable for both developing solutions and increasing the visibility of the soil profession. Inputs into policy decisions should be improved as SDG committee members are appointed by Governments. Possible contributions of soil science in defining indicators for the SDGs are explored in this paper. We advocate the pragmatic use of soil–water–atmosphere–plant simulation models and available soil surveys and soil databases where “representative” soil profiles for mapping units (genetically defined genoforms) are functionally expressed in terms of several phenoforms reflecting effects of different types of soil use and management that strongly affect functionality.  相似文献   

How to communicate soil expertise more effectively in the information age when aiming at the UN Sustainable Development Goals     

Johan Bouma 《Soil Use and Management》2019,35(1):32-38

Soil use and management play a key role, when maintaining or restoring soil quality, as an estimated 30% of soils in the world suffer from various forms of degradation. Several of the seventeen UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), approved in 2015 by 195 governments, are land‐related, providing a stimulating challenge for soil research. Unfortunately, soil degradation is still prominent, even though decades of research have resulted in restorative and innovative forms of soil management, generating successful case studies all over the world. Why don't enough farmers adopt such research results? Some argue that the problem of soil degradation is mainly socio‐economic rather than technical. However, this is not correct as the soil–water–plant–climate system raises many basic, unresolved questions about soil behaviour. More attention is needed for information sharing and knowledge building to link the research arena with stakeholders and policy makers. This is particularly urgent because the information revolution, which is fundamentally changing attitudes of increasingly critical stakeholders, presents a challenge to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant information on Internet and social media. Continuous interaction with land users in the field and sharing knowledge in a joint‐learning mode is needed more than ever, recognizing that different forms of knowledge can contribute to acceptance in the practice of land‐use innovations and lead to realization of land‐related SDGs. Such forms of interaction take much time, which is of limited availability in current research regimes, and implies a need for change. Soil scientists need assistance from communication experts to facilitate interaction processes.  相似文献   

Acute,Oral Toxicity to Laboratory Animals of Fenthion (O-O-Dimethyl-O-(3-Methyl-4-Methyl-Mercapto-Phenyl)-Thiophosphate) in Different Formulations     

Johan Sakshaug 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1965,6(1):112

The acute, oral toxicity of fenthion (O,O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-methylmercapto-phenyl)thiophosphate) in different formulations emulgated in water was studied. For male, white rats the approximate values for LD50 found varied from 340 to 560 mg per kg, technical fenthion in commercial products being more toxic than the chemically pure compound. Fenthion in the commercial preparation Lebaycid was more toxic for male, white mice (LD50 approx. 125 mg per kg) than for rats.  相似文献   

Influence of soil mineralogy and chemistry on site quality within geological regions in Sweden     

Johan Stendahl  Sven Snll  Mats T. Olsson  Peter Holmgren 《Forest Ecology and Management》2002,170(1-3):75-88

The relationship between soil properties and forest site quality was investigated. The site quality functions currently used fail in predicting variations within regions and the purpose of this study was to evaluate if the local accuracy in forest resource assessments could benefit from the use of geological and geochemical data. The investigation was conducted in mid-Sweden within two geological regions. The mineralogy of the parent material (C horizon) was estimated using a method for normative mineralogical assessment and the soil chemistry was determined for five soil horizons. The importance of individual minerals for site quality was different within the two geological regions. Functional relations were established between the properties in different soil horizons and site index. The functions between mineralogy and site index were improved by splitting the data according to the geologically different regions. The mineralogy explained 37–61% of the variation in site index, whereas the properties in the upper soil profile (O–B horizon) related more strongly to site index (18–80%). Stronger relations could be established in the mineralogically rich than in the mineralogically poor area.  相似文献