Role of homestead forests in household economy and factors affecting forest production: a case study in southwest Bangladesh     

Rahman M. Motiur  Yasushi Furukawa  Isao Kawata  Mohammed Mahabubur Rahman  Mahbubul Alam 《Journal of Forest Research》2006,11(2):89-97

Empirical information regarding the role of homestead forests in household economy is essential in understanding the importance of these resources. Identification of the factors that affect homestead forest production and understanding forest owners' attitudes toward key forest management issues have great significance in making appropriate policy responses to manage these resources on a sustainable basis. In Bangladesh, homestead forests are claimed to play an important economic role in rural livelihoods, but no reliable quantitative information exists. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of homestead forests in the household economy, examine if forest production and income vary across landholding size classes, to explore the relationships of homestead forest production with species richness, education level, and household size, and to assess the attitude of homestead forest owners toward key forest management issues. Results show that homestead forests contribute 15.9% of the household income and generate 51.4 man-days of employment per household per year. Production of homestead forests significantly varies across landholding size classes. It was observed that forest production depends significantly on species richness of homestead forests and the education level of forest owners. However, no such relationship was found between forest production and household size. The study revealed that farming families depend more on forest income than nonfarming families. Attitudes of forest owners toward key forest management issues differ significantly across landholding size classes. For example, although the majority of the forest owners prefer fruit species to timber species, the percentage of respondents decreased as the landholding size class increased, while the opposite trend was observed for timber species. The findings of this study suggest that diversification of forests and extension of education amongst forest owners would improve forest production. Furthermore, forest policy should address the concerns of the forest owners in different landholding classes and focus on their specific requirements to enhance sustainable forest management.  相似文献   

Monitoring acetaldehyde concentrations during micro-oxygenation of red wine by headspace solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization     

Carlton WK  Gump B  Fugelsang K  Hasson AS 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(14):5620-5625

An analytical method was developed to quantify levels of acetaldehyde in wine samples. The method utilizes headspace solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization using O-(pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine and quantification by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The technique showed good sensitivity and reproducibility in samples of Chardonnay, Petite Sirah, and Merlot wines containing acetaldehyde at levels below the sensory threshold (40-100 ppm). The method was used to monitor acetaldehyde concentrations during the micro-oxygenation of Merlot wine in a 141 L pilot-plant experiment and a 2400 L full-scale study. In both experiments, levels of acetaldehyde remained constant for several weeks before increasing at rates of the order of 1 ppm/day. Variations in the levels of acetaldehyde present are discussed within the context of the underlying chemical reactions.  相似文献   

Supplementation with urea and molasses and body weight, milk yield and onset of ovarian cyclicity in cows     

Alam MG  Ul-Azam S  Khan J 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2006,52(4):529-535

Ten multiparous crossbred local Zebu cows were randomly divided into two nutritional groups (A and B) to determine the effect of urea-molasses-mineral block supplementation on body weight gain, milk production, and onset of ovarian cyclicity after calving. Both groups had farm rations daily, but the supplemented group (B) was provided with an additional diet daily of 250 g urea-molasses-mineral block. The cows in group A required 80-120 days (98.0 +/- 6.7 days) until peak milk progesterone concentrations and 60-80 days (72.0 +/- 3.8 days) were required for group B (p<0.05). Group B needed a shorter period for expression of standing estrus (91-101 days; mean 96.2 +/- 2.3 days) than group A [130-153 (141.6 +/- 4.6) days; p<0.01]. For groups A and B, body weight gain was 8.4 +/- 3.4 kg and 18.4 +/- 3.2 kg, respectively (p<0.01). The average milk production of groups A and B were 3.3 +/- 1.0 and 4.8 +/- 1.6 L/day, respectively (p>0.05). There was linear improvement in milk yield from Day 60 postpartum up to Day 90 of lactation in group B (supplemented). However, in group A, milk production decreased starting on Day 40 after parturition.  相似文献   

HIV-inhibitory diterpenoid from Anisomeles indica.     

M Shahidul Alam  M A Quader  M A Rashid 《Fitoterapia》2000,71(5):574-576

The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data of ovatodiolide (1), a diterpenoid from Anisomeles indica, and its anti-HIV activity are reported.  相似文献   

A possible involvement of gibberellin in the mechanism of Avenafatua resistance to triallate and cross-resistance to difenzoquat     

RASHID  O'DONOVAN  KHAN  BLACKSHAW  HARKER  & PHARIS 《Weed Research》1998,38(6):461-466

Avena fatua L. populations from numerous fields in Alberta have simultaneously developed resistance to recommended rates of two dissimilar herbicides, triallate and difenzoquat. We used exogenous applications of gibberellic acid (GA₃) to investigate the possibility that endogenous gibberellins were involved in the A. fatua 's resistance mechanism. For control plants, without applied GA₃, shoots of the most resistant (R) populations emerged more rapidly and elongated faster than shoots of the susceptible (S) populations. Increases in shoot elongation in response to exogenous GA₃ were significantly lower in R populations compared with S populations. This suggests that R populations may have elevated endogenous gibberellin levels, relative to S populations. Additionally, inhibition of S population shoot elongation and shoot anatomical abnormalities caused by relatively low concentrations of triallate and difenzoquat could be prevented by exogenous application of GA₃. These results suggest that there may be a phytohormonal involvement in the mechanism of triallate/difenzoquat resistance in A. fatua . That is, higher endogenous gibberellin levels in R populations may result in meristematic growth that is rapid enough to preclude phytotoxic levels of these herbicides from reaching the shoot meristem, which is the likely site of action.  相似文献   

Management of root-knot disease of tomato by the application of fly ash in soil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. R. KHAN  M. W. KHAN  & K. SINGH 《Plant pathology》1997,46(1):33-43

The effects of fly ash at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 … 100% vol./vol. in soil) on plant growth and yield were investigated in tomato plants infected or noninfected with root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (2000 juveniles per plant) in clay pots. An increase in fly ash concentration in the soil correspondingly increased the availability of carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphate, chlorides, B, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn in the soil. The porosity, water-holding capacity, pH, conductivity and cation exchange capacity also increased progressively in the fly ash amended soil. Ash application enhanced plant growth, leaf pigment concentrations, fruit production, weight of fruit/plant and mean fruit weight of both nematode-infected and noninfected tomato plants, being maximum in the soil containing 50 or 60% fly ash. The yield enhancements were 93.6 (infected plants) and 84% (noninfected plants) at 50 and 60% fly ash levels, respectively. Fly ash treatments adversely affected root invasion by juveniles, disease intensity and reproduction of the nematodes. A gradual increase in the ash concentration in soil caused a corresponding decrease in the numbers of invading juveniles, galls and egg masses per root system and eggs/egg mass, being lowest at 100% fly ash i.e. 52, 16, 10 and 81 against 289, 137, 131 and 238 (control), respectively. Linear regression suggested 40% fly ash as the most economic level, enhancing yield of infected plants by 96% and suppressing the nematode disease and reproduction by 63 and 76%, respectively.  相似文献   

Influence of temperature on physical properties of non-aqueous pesticide formulations and spray diluents: Relevance to u.l.v. applications     

Alam Sundaram 《Pest management science》1987,20(2):105-118

The viscosity, surface tension and volatility of a range of ultra-low-volume (ULV) spray diluents and pesticide formulations were measured at 5°C and 20°C. For u.l.v. application of 1.0 to 1.5 litre ha^?1 through conventional boom and nozzle systems or rotary (Micronair) atomisers, it is concluded that the spray medium should have a viscosity of ?30 mPa s at 20°C. The surface tension values covered only a narrow range and showed little temperature dependence. There was no clear optimum and all surface tensions within the range measured would appear to be acceptable for ULV applications. The volatility factor, 1/(A.T_1/2), where A represents the percentage of non-volatile material in the spray mixture and T_1/2, the half-life (minutes) of evaporation, should be <40 times; 10^?5.  相似文献   

Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Northern pintails (Anas acuta) in Tohoku District, Japan     

Jahangir A  Watanabe Y  Chinen O  Yamazaki S  Sakai K  Okamura M  Nakamura M  Takehara K 《Avian diseases》2008,52(1):49-53

Among winter migratory waterfowl, Northern pintails (Anas acuta), in one of the largest flocks in Tohoku district, northeast Japan, were surveyed for influenza A viruses at five wintering sites in three prefectures, viz., Aomori, Akita, and Miyagi. A total of 38 influenza A viruses were isolated from 2066 fecal samples collected during November 2006 through March 2007. The overall isolation rate was 1.84%. Eleven different subtypes were isolated, including nine H5N2, seven H6N8, seven H10N1, four H4N6, three H6N1, three H11N9, and one each of H1N1, H6N2, H6N5, H10N9, H11N1. Only the H4N6 subtype was detected during two successive months, November and December, from Lake Ogawara of Aomori prefecture. One wintering site, Lake Izunuma of Miyagi prefecture, was negative for virus isolation throughout the study period. During the sampling period, the highest virus isolation rate was in December (4.90%) followed by November (2.18%), January (0.91%), and February (0.30%). Virus isolation was negative for samples collected in March 2007. These results suggest that influenza viruses are introduced by Northern pintail when they migrate into Japan, but the viruses are not maintained in the flocks, most likely because the birds are not breeding during the winter. We believe that this relatively large data set creates a strong foundation for future studies of avian influenza virus (AIV) prevalence, evolution, and ecology in wintering sites, along with the role of Northern pintails in the spread of AIV during their migration from northern Russia and Asia to Japan.  相似文献   

转α-微管蛋白基因SoTUA甘蔗T2代的生理生化特性分析     

陈教云  KHANQaisar  韦江璐  唐丽华  董登峰  李杨瑞 《热带作物学报》2020,41(4):685-693

本研究对已获得的转α-微管蛋白基因SoTUA的T₂代甘蔗株系进行PCR扩增及测序,从检测阳性的转基因甘蔗中选6个转基因株系（T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6）与非转基因野生型甘蔗对照（WT）进行了低温胁迫（4 ℃）处理,在处理0、5、10 d测定甘蔗叶片丙二醛（MDA）和渗透调节物（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白）含量以及过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,并采用RT-qPCR法分析了低温处理下甘蔗叶片α-微管蛋白基因的表达情况。结果表明：在4 ℃低温处理下,6个转SoTUA基因甘蔗与WT中α-微管蛋白的转录因子表达量随着胁迫时间的延长上调表达。胁迫后5、10 d转基因株系的相对表达量始终高于WT甘蔗,低温处理10 d时转基因T1显著高于其他株系（P<0.05）。在低温胁迫下,甘蔗的MDA含量逐渐增高,而转基因甘蔗增幅显著低于WT甘蔗,10 d时转基因株系MDA的含量比WT低41.77%（P<0.05）;POD活性在不同株系之间变化趋势不同,但转基因甘蔗POD活性显著高于WT甘蔗（P< 0.05）;转基因T1、T2、T4、T6株系的SOD活性随着胁迫天数增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,而WT与转基因T3、T5的SOD活性逐渐升高;甘蔗的可溶性糖含量逐渐上升,转基因甘蔗的可溶性蛋白含量在0 d显著高于野生型甘蔗,胁迫后变化趋势在株系之间有所差异;转基因甘蔗SoTUA相对表达量与可溶性糖含量呈极显著的正相关。利用隶属函数综合分析评价,抗寒性排序结果为：T3>T2>T1>T5>T6>T4>WT。在低温胁迫下,转基因甘蔗SoTUA基因的上调表达能提高甘蔗的抗寒性,且具有遗传稳定性。  相似文献   

Effect of feeding stimulants on growth performance,feed intake and appetite regulation of mandarin fish,Siniperca chuatsi     

Liao Li  Jinguang Fang  Xu‐Fang Liang  Muhammad Shoaib Alam  Liwei Liu  Xiaochen Yuan 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(12):3684-3691

Mandarin fish is a typical carnivorous fish, it can accept artificial diet after domestication, which is significantly essential to optimize its artificial diet. Nevertheless, only few studies were conducted on artificial diet of mandarin fish. Therefore, an 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of feeding stimulants on growth performance, feed intake and appetite regulation of mandarin fish. In this trial, six diets were formulated, a basal diet contained 80% of Fish Meal without feeding stimulants, named as Control, 0.4% inosinic acid meal, 0.4% L‐Alanine meal, 3% Yeast meal, 3% a commercial squid extract meal and 0.4% betaine meal were added into the basal diet to make five experimental diets, which were named as IM, AM, YM, SVO and BM respectively. At the end of feeding trial, SVO group showed higher feed intake, up‐regulated mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and down‐regulated mRNA expression of pro‐opiomelanocorticoid (POMC) significantly as compared to control group, which suggested that squid extract improved feed acceptability and promoted appetite in mandarin fish. Similarly, compared to control group, SVO group showed low food conversion ratio, high weight gain and SGR, indicated that squid extract enhanced the growth performance. Our results suggested that the appropriate level of squid extract addition could contribute to optimize artificial diet in mandarin fish.  相似文献