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91.
Background
One of the core issues of forest community ecology is the exploration of how ecological processes affect community structure. The relative importance of different processes is still under debate. This study addresses four questions: (1) how is the taxonomic structure of a forest community affected by spatial scale? (2) does the taxonomic structure reveal effects of local processes such as environmental filtering, dispersal limitation or interspecific competition at a local scale? (3) does the effect of local processes on the taxonomic structure vary with the spatial scale? (4) does the analysis based on taxonomic structures provide similar insights when compared with the use of phylogenetic information? Based on the data collected in two large forest observational field studies, the taxonomic structures of the plant communities were analyzed at different sampling scales using taxonomic ratios (number of genera/number of species, number of families/number of species), and the relationship between the number of higher taxa and the number of species. Two random null models were used and the “standardized effect size” (SES) of taxonomic ratios was calculated, to assess possible differences between the observed and simulated taxonomic structures, which may be caused by specific ecological processes. We further applied a phylogeny-based method to compare results with those of the taxonomic approach.Results
As expected, the taxonomic ratios decline with increasing grain size. The quantitative relationship between genera/families and species, described by a linearized power function, showed a good fit. With the exception of the family-species relationship in the Jiaohe study area, the exponents of the genus/family-species relationships did not show any scale dependent effects. The taxonomic ratios of the observed communities had significantly lower values than those of the simulated random community under the test of two null models at almost all scales. Null Model 2 which considered the spatial dispersion of species generated a taxonomic structure which proved to be more consistent with that in the observed community. As sampling sizes increased from 20 m × 20 m to 50 m × 50 m, the magnitudes of SESs of taxonomic ratios increased. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we found that the Jiaohe plot was phylogenetically clustered at almost all scales. We detected significant phylogenetically overdispersion at the 20 m × 20 m and 30 m × 30 m scales in the Liangshui plot.Conclusions
The results suggest that the effect of abiotic filtering is greater than the effects of interspecific competition in shaping the local community at almost all scales. Local processes influence the taxonomic structures, but their combined effects vary with the spatial scale. The taxonomic approach provides similar insights as the phylogenetic approach, especially when we applied a more conservative null model. Analysing taxonomic structure may be a useful tool for communities where well-resolved phylogenetic data are not available.92.
Optimization of curing process for polymer-matrix composites based on orthogonal experimental method
In this paper, the orthogonal experimental method was carried out to optimize the curing process of aeronautical composite X850/T800 in autoclave process. Four important curing parameters including curing pressure, heating rate, curing temperature and heat preservation time were taken into account, and sixteen samples were fabricated to study the effects of the four parameters mentioned above on the curing quality by interlaminar properties test and microstructure analysis. The interlaminar properties and the interfacial bonding quality of these samples were studied by the short-beam three points bending test and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Results revealed that the optimal curing process of X850/T800 composite laminate should be as follows: curing pressure of 0.6 MPa, heating rate of 1.5 °C/min, curing temperature of 160 °C, and heat preservation time of 120 min. 相似文献
93.
Jennifer A. Kimball Tan D. Tuong Consuelo Arellano David P. Livingston III Susana R. Milla-Lewis 《Euphytica》2017,213(5):110
Winter hardiness is a major-limiting factor for St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] grown in the transitional climatic region of the United States. Lab-based freeze tests that mimic the range of field winter survivability in St. Augustinegrass can contribute to the selection of cold hardy genotypes. This study used a whole container method, four freezing temperatures, and two data collection systems to evaluate the freezing response of nine St. Augustinegrass genotypes ranging in their winter hardiness. Results indicated ?3 and ?4 °C with average regrowth ratings of 33.6 and 17.8% respectively, were more suitable temperatures for evaluating freeze survival in St. Augustinegrass than ?5 and ?6 °C with average regrowth ratings of 0.4 and 0%, respectively. Visual ratings of surviving green tissue and regrowth were generally well correlated when evaluated over a six week period post-freeze with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging of 0.17–0.62 for ?3 °C freeze tests and 0.79–0.93 for ?4 °C freeze tests. Additionally, measurement of percent green cover using digital imaging techniques commonly utilized in turfgrass field studies were significantly correlated (0.66) with visual ratings averaged across weekly post-freeze evaluation measurements for both ?3 and ?4 °C freezing temperatures. These results provide evidence that digital imaging analyses are useful in estimating surviving green tissue and regrowth in lab-based freeze tests. This study provides additional information regarding freezing temperatures, genotype responses, and data collection methods in St. Augustinegrass, which should aid breeders in the improvement of freeze tolerance in the species. 相似文献
94.
再生稻生产面临问题及解决对策的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水稻是我国重要的粮食作物之一,发展一季中稻加再生稻是提高稻米品质和种植效益的重要举措,也是农业供给侧结构性改革的措施之一。本文以衡南县再生稻生产为例,分析了发展一季中稻加再生稻的必要性及衡南县发展一季中稻加再生稻优势和存在的问题,并提出了对策。 相似文献
95.
为了探明钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对污染稻田土壤重金属镉(Cd)有效性的影响,弄清其对稻谷中Cd含量的降低效果。采用田间小区试验和室内分析测定方法进行研究,试验设5个处理,处理1:对照(CK),常规施肥(40%复合肥450 kg/hm2);处理2:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥600 kg/hm2+常规施肥;处理3:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥750 kg/hm2+常规施肥;处理4:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥1125 kg/hm2+常规施肥;处理5:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥1425 kg/hm2+常规施肥。结果表明:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥可以显著提高水稻穗总粒数、穗实粒数和结实率,提高水稻产量,增产率达到7.5%~16.0%;增加土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,提高土壤pH值,降低土壤有效Cd含量,从而降低稻谷Cd的积累,最大降低稻谷Cd含量达到38.6%。钾硅钙微孔矿物肥要达到降阻水稻重金属Cd的最佳效果,施用量不能低于1425 kg/hm2。 相似文献
96.
为明确小热激蛋白在沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica应对温度胁迫中的作用,采用PCR方法克隆沙葱萤叶甲小热激蛋白基因Hsp20（GdHsp20.6）完整的开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）序列,应用在线软件对GdHsp20.6基因进行生物信息学分析,通过原核表达技术诱导表达及纯化其编码蛋白,并通过实时荧光定量PCR（real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）技术分析不同温度胁迫下GdHsp20.6基因的表达量。结果显示,GdHsp20.6基因ORF序列长度为543 bp,编码180个氨基酸,预测分子量为20.6 kD,无跨膜区和信号肽。GdHsp20.6氨基酸序列有高度保守的α-结构域。GdHsp20.6氨基酸序列与其它鞘翅目昆虫的Hsp20氨基酸序列有较高的一致性,其中与花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides的Hsp20.99氨基酸序列的一致性最高,为63%。GdHsp20.6基因在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）细胞系中成功表达,经异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷（isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside,IPTG）诱导后GdHsp20.6蛋白成功表达,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）和Western-blot分析表明融合蛋白大小与预测大小一致,并纯化获得了纯度较高的目的蛋白GdHsp20.6。低温（-10~5℃）和高温（35~40℃）处理1 h以及处理后25℃恢复30 min均能诱导GdHsp20.6基因表达上调,并且0℃处理30~120 min也能诱导GdHsp20.6基因表达上调。表明GdHsp20.6基因在沙葱萤叶甲应对低温和高温胁迫中可能起着重要作用。 相似文献
97.
Tančić Živanov Sonja Dedić Boško Dimitrijević Aleksandra Dušanić Nenad Jocić Siniša Miklič Vladimir Kovačević Branislav Miladinović Dragana 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2019,126(6):565-573
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The study assessed the genetic variability among Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. isolates originating from six different countries (Turkey,... 相似文献
98.
由于新疆牧业灌区无电供应,水源无法过滤,实现滴灌工程难,目前采用地面灌溉。地形坡度大、灌水量多、大量水土流失。灌区下游排水不畅,洼地沼泽化面积剧增,地下水位上升导致土壤盐碱化,弃田面积逐渐扩大、种植面积萎缩。为了解决上述问题,充分利用地形落差,研制了自压滴灌工程过滤装置。同时渠道进水流量、调水池的调节流量、集水桶流量及系统流量之间建立了平衡关系。用实例说明不同地形落差与自压滴灌工程系统流量及过滤装置尺寸的计算过程。解决了自压滴灌工程水源的过滤、排沙、冲沙及自行冲洗等问题。为无电牧业灌区实现节水灌溉技术提供依据。 相似文献
99.
100.
为了探明安徽省水稻条斑病菌种群的致病类型及分布情况,采用平皿稀释法对采自安徽省不同地区的水稻条斑病叶进行了病原细菌分离,通过PCR专化性检测方法对细菌分离物进行分子鉴定,并利用IRBB5、IRBB14、IR24、IRBB4、IRBB21和‘金刚30’等6个水稻鉴别品种,对获得的水稻条斑病菌种群进行了致病型监测。结果表明,从安徽省11个不同县市的水稻条斑病样中共获得72株水稻条斑病菌,来源于不同地区的水稻条斑病菌种群存在明显毒力分化,强毒性菌株和弱毒性菌株并存,且多数菌株与水稻品种间表现为弱互作关系,部分菌株与寄主存在强互作模式。依据其毒力差异可将其划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ等6个致病型。从本研究结果可以看出,安徽省水稻条斑病菌种群致病型分化明显,且水稻条斑病菌种群的毒力与地域分布具有一定的相关性。 相似文献