Management of Tibial Fractures Using a Circular External Fixator in Two Calves     

Hari Prasad Aithal MVSc  PhD  Prakash Kinjavdekar MVSc  PhD  Abhijit Motiram Pawde MVSc  PhD  Gaj Raj Singh MVSc  PhD  Harish Chandra Setia MSc 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2010,39(5):621-626

Objectives: To report the repair of tibial diaphyseal fractures in 2 calves using a circular external skeletal fixator (CEF). Study Design: Clinical report. Animals: Crossbred calves (n=2; age: 6 months; weight: 55 and 60 kg). Methods: Mid‐diaphyseal tibial fractures were repaired by the use of a 4‐ring CEF (made of aluminum rings with 2 mm K‐wires) alone in 1 calf and in combination with hemicerclage wiring in 1 calf. Results: Both calves had good weight bearing with moderate lameness postoperatively. Fracture healing occurred by day 60 in 1 calf and by day 30 in calf 2. The CEF was well maintained and tolerated by both calves through fracture healing. Joint mobility and limb usage improved gradually after CEF removal. Conclusions: CEF provided a stable fixation of tibial fractures and healing within 60 days and functional recovery within 90 days. Clinical Relevance: CEF can be safely and successfully used for the management of selected tibial fractures in calves.  相似文献   

Tree row spacing affected agronomic and economic performance of Eucalyptus-based agroforestry in Andhra Pradesh, Southern India   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

J. V. N. S. Prasad  G. R. Korwar  K. V. Rao  U. K. Mandal  C. A. R. Rao  G. R. Rao  Y. S. Ramakrishna  B. Venkateswarlu  S. N. Rao  H. D. Kulkarni  M. R. Rao 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,78(3):253-267

The 3 × 2 m spacing currently used for eucalyptus plantations in the state of Andhra Pradesh, southern India does not permit intercropping from the second year. This discourages small landholders who need regular income from taking up eucalyptus plantations and benefiting from the expanding market for pulpwood. Therefore, on-farm experiments were conducted near Bhadrachalam, Khammam district (Andhra Pradesh) for over 4 years from August 2001 to November 2005 to examine whether wide-row planting and grouping of certain tree rows will facilitate extended intercropping without sacrificing wood yield. Eucalyptus planted in five-spatial arrangements in agroforestry [3 × 2 m (farmers’ practice), 6 × 1 m, 7 × 1.5 m paired rows (7 × 1.5 PR), 11 × 1 m paired rows (11 × 1 PR) and 10 × 1.5 m triple rows (10 × 1.5 TR)] was compared with sole tree stands at a constant density of 1,666 trees ha^?1. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was intercropped during the post-rainy seasons from 2001 to 2004, and fodder grasses (Panicum maximum and Brachiaria ruziziensis) were intercropped during both the seasons of 2005. At 51 months after planting, different spatial arrangements did not significantly affect height and diameter at breast height (dbh). Total dry biomass of eucalyptus in different spatial arrangements ranged between 59.5 and 52.9 Mg ha^?1, the highest being with 6 × 1 m and the lowest with 10 × 1.5 TR, but treatment differences were not significant. The widely spaced paired row (11 × 1 PR) and triple row (10 × 1.5 TR) arrangements produced 62–73% of sole cowpea yield in 2003, 59–66% of sole cowpea yield in 2004, and 79–94% of sole fodder in 2005. In contrast, the 3 × 2 m spacing allowed only 17–45% of sole crop yields in these years. The better performance of intercrops in widely spaced eucalyptus was likely because of limited competition from trees for light and water. Intercropping of eucalyptus in these wider rows gave 14% greater net returns compared with intercropping in eucalyptus spaced at 3 × 2 m, 19% greater returns compared with that from sole tree woodlot and 263% greater returns compared with that from sole crops. Therefore, in regions where annual rainfall is around 1,000 mm and soils are fairly good, eucalyptus at a density of 1,666 plants per ha can be planted in uniformly spaced wide-rows (6 m) or paired rows at an inter-pair spacing of 7–11 m for improving intercrop performance without sacrificing wood production.  相似文献   

Modulation of manganese toxicity in Pisum sativum L. seedlings by kinetin     

Savita Gangwar  Vijay Pratap Singh  Sheo Mohan Prasad  Jagat Narayan Maurya 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010

In the present study, the effects of kinetin (KN; 10 and 100 μM) application under manganese toxicity (Mn; 50, 100 and 250 μM) were investigated, on growth, photosynthetic pigments, total protein, total nitrogen, ammonium (NH₄⁺) content, NH₄⁺ assimilating enzymes and antioxidant system in pea seedlings. The exposure of pea seedlings to Mn and 100 μM of KN alone and in combination, caused decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigments, total protein and total nitrogen contents, and an increase in NH₄⁺ content. However, application of 10 μM of KN together with Mn reduced the Mn toxicity symptoms, promoted the growth of seedlings and led to the decrease in NH₄⁺ content compared to Mn treatments alone. The root and shoot activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) and catalase (CAT) were decreased while glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities exhibited differential responses when pea seedlings were exposed to Mn and 100 μM of KN. However, under similar treatments, activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in root and shoot were increased. It was noticed that addition of 10 μM of KN together with Mn, caused significant stimulation in activities of enzymes of NH₄⁺ assimilation and antioxidant defense system even over their respective control values. Non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate and glutathione) in root and shoot of pea seedlings exposed to Mn stress were significantly increased by the addition of 10 μM of KN. Therefore, ameliorative effect of 10 μM of KN against Mn toxicity was observed. This study thus suggests that 10 μM of KN appreciably improves Mn tolerance of pea seedlings under Mn toxicity while reverse effects were exhibited by 100 μM of KN.  相似文献   

Modeling the invasive emerald ash borer risk of spread using a spatially explicit cellular model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anantha M. Prasad  Louis R. Iverson  Matthew P. Peters  Jonathan M. Bossenbroek  Stephen N. Matthews  T. Davis Sydnor  Mark W. Schwartz 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(3):353-369

The emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) is decimating native ashes (Fraxinus sp.) throughout midwestern North America, killing millions of trees over the years. With plenty of ash available throughout the continent, the spread of this destructive insect is likely to continue. We estimate that the insect has been moving along a “front” at about 20 km/year since about 1998, but more alarming is its long-range dispersal into new locations facilitated by human activities. We describe a spatially explicit cell-based model used to calculate risk of spread in Ohio, by combining the insect’s flight and short-range dispersal (“insect flight”) with human-facilitated, long-range dispersal (“insect ride”). This hybrid model requires estimates of EAB abundance, ash abundance, major roads and traffic density, campground size and usage, distance from the core infested zone, wood products industry size and type of wood usage, and human population density. With the “insect flight” model, probability of movement is dependent on EAB abundance in the source cells, the quantity of ash in the target cells, and the distances between them. With the “insect-ride” model, we modify the value related to ash abundance based on factors related to potential human-assisted movements of EAB-infested ash wood or just hitchhiking insects. We attempt to show the advantage of our model compared to statistical approaches and to justify its practical value to field managers working with imperfect knowledge. We stress the importance of the road network in distributing insects to new geographically dispersed sites in Ohio, where 84% were within 1 km of a major highway.  相似文献   

Leaf anatomical characteristics and physiological responses to short-term drought in Ziziphusmauritiana (Lamk.)     

Manoj Kulkarni  Bert Schneider  Eran Raveh  Noemi Tel-Zur 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010

The aim of this work was to study the association between leaf anatomical characteristics and response to short-term drought stress in Ziziphusmauritiana Lamk. Six Z. mauritiana cultivars (Seb, Gola, Umran, Keitly, Q-29 and B-5/4) under field conditions in Israel's Negev desert were studied. Width of palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and epidermis, xylem number and diameter in mid-vein were investigated with light microscopy. Short-term (3 weeks) drought stress tolerance was evaluated by monitoring plant response (leaf transpiration, diffusive resistance, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf water potential and leaf relative water content). Greater epidermis and mesophyll widths and xylem diameters and densities were associated with increased tolerance to short-term water deficit expressed by preliminary wilting symptoms and proportional differences between initial and final physiological parameters. Significantly larger differences were found in Keitly, Umran and B-5/4 than in Seb, Gola and Q-29, indicating that the former cultivars are more sensitive to drought stress. Our results indicate that tolerance in descending order was Seb, Q-29, Gola, B-5/4, Keitly and finally Umran. The existence of an association between anatomical characteristics and short-term drought stress tolerance based on physiological responses is suggested.  相似文献   

Strong resistance to phosphine in the rusty grain beetle,Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae): its characterisation,a rapid assay for diagnosis and its distribution in Australia     

Manoj K Nayak  Joanne C Holloway  Robert N Emery  Hervoika Pavic  Justin Bartlet  Patrick J Collins 《Pest management science》2013,69(1):48-53

BACKGROUND: The recent development of very high resistance to phosphine in rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), seriously threatens stored‐grain biosecurity. The aim was to characterise this resistance, to develop a rapid bioassay for its diagnosis to support pest management and to document the distribution of resistance in Australia in 2007–2011. RESULTS: Bioassays of purified laboratory reference strains and field‐collected samples revealed three phenotypes: susceptible, weakly resistant and strongly resistant. With resistance factors of > 1000 × , resistance to phosphine expressed by the strong resistance phenotype was higher than reported for any stored‐product insect species. The new time‐to‐knockdown assay rapidly and accurately diagnosed each resistance phenotype within 6 h. Although less frequent in western Australia, weak resistance was detected throughout all grain production regions. Strong resistance occurred predominantly in central storages in eastern Australia. CONCLUSION: Resistance to phosphine in the rusty grain beetle is expressed through two identifiable phenotypes: weak and strong. Strong resistance requires urgent changes to current fumigation dosages. The development of a rapid assay for diagnosis of resistance enables the provision of same‐day advice to expedite resistance management decisions. © 2012 Commonwealth of Australia. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Antibody response against Trichinella spiralis in experimentally infected rats is dose dependent     

Franssen FF  Fonville M  Takumi K  Vallée I  Grasset A  Koedam MA  Wester PW  Boireau P  van der Giessen JW 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):113

ABSTRACT: Domestic pigs are the main representatives of the domestic cycle of Trichinella spiralis that play a role in transmission to humans. In Europe, backyard pigs of small household farms are the most important risks for humans to obtain trichinellosis. Rats might play a role in the transmission of Trichinella spiralis from domestic to sylvatic animals and vice versa. In order to be able to investigate the role of wild rats in the epidemiology of T. spiralis in The Netherlands, we studied the dynamics of antibody response after T. spiralis infections in experimental rats, using infection doses ranging from very low (10 muscle larvae, ML, per rat) to very high (16 000 ML per rat). To evaluate the feasibility of rats surviving high infection doses with T. spiralis, clinical and pathological parameters were quantified. Serological tools for detecting T. spiralis in rats were developed to quantitatively study the correlation between parasite load and immunological response. The results show that an infection dose-dependent antibody response was developed in rats after infection with as low as 10 ML up to a level of 10 000 ML. A positive correlation was found between the number of recovered ML and serum antibody levels, although specific measured antibody levels correspond to a wide range of LPG values. Serum antibodies of rats that were infected even with 10 or 25 ML could readily be detected by use of the T. spiralis western blot 2 weeks post infection. We conclude that based on these low infection doses, serologic tests are a useful tool to survey T. spiralis in wild rats.  相似文献   

Carbon and water footprints of major crop production in India     

Amaresh Kumar NAYAK  Rahul TRIPATHI  Manish DEBNATH  Chinmaya Kumar SWAIN  Biswaranjan DHAL  Shanmugam VIJAYKUMAR  Anshuman Debasis NAYAK  Sangita MOHANTY  Mohammad SHAHID  Anjani KUMAR  Manoj RAJAK  Khitish Chandra MOHARANA  Dibyendu CHATTERJEE  Susmita MUNDA  Pravat GURU  Rubina KHANAM  Banwari LAL  Priyanka GAUTAM  Suschismita PATTANAIK  Arvind Kumar SHUKLA  Nuala FITTON  Pete SMITH  Himanshu PATHAK 《土壤圈》2023,33(3):448-462

Scarcity of water and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the two key environmental issues affecting crop production in India.Reducing the carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) of crop production can help to mitigate the environmental hazards that stem from GHG emissions and water scarcity.The CFs and WFs of three major cereal crops,rice,wheat,and maize,were estimated for the year 2014 under the environmental conditions in India,based on national statistics and other data sources.To...  相似文献   

ZINC-COATED UREA IMPROVES PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF BASMATI RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) UNDER ZINC STRESS CONDITION     

Yashbir Singh Shivay  Rajendra Prasad 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(6):928-951

A field study conducted for two years (2006 and 2007) at the Research Farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India showed that zinc (Zn) fertilization increased yield attributes, grain and straw yield, enhanced Zn concentrations and its uptake and improved kernel quality before and after cooking in basmati rice ‘Pusa Sugandh 5’. A 2% Zn-coating with zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) was found to be the best but a 2% Zn-coating with zinc oxide (ZnO) was very close to it in terms of grain and straw yield and Zn concentrations in basmati rice grain and straw under Zn stress conditions. Partial factor productivity (PFP) of applied Zn varied from 984–3,387 kg grain kg Zn^?1, agronomic efficiency (AE) varied from 212–311 kg grain kg^?1 Zn (applied) and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn varied from 6,384–17,077 kg grain kg^?1 Zn (absorbed). Thus, adequate Zn fertilization of basmati rice can lead to higher grain yield and Zn-denser grains with improved cooking quality in basmati rices under Zn stress soil conditions.  相似文献   

Balanced and integrated nutrient management for enhancedand economic food production: case study from rainfed semi-arid tropics in India     

Girish Chander  Suhas P. Wani  Kanwar L. Sahrawat  Prasad J. Kamdi  Chitendra K. Pal  Dilip K. Pal 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(12):1643-1658

Soil degradation in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) is mainly responsible for low crop and water productivity. In Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan states in India, the soil analyses of farmers’ fields revealed widespread deficiencies of S (9–96%), B (17–100%) and Zn (22–97%) along with that of P (25–92%). Soil organic C was deficient in 7–84% fields indicating specifically N deficiencies and poor soil health in general. During on-farm evaluations in rainy seasons 2010 and 2011, the soil test based addition of deficient nutrient fertilizers as balanced nutrition (BN) increased crop yields by 6–40% (benefit to cost ratios of 0.81–4.28) through enhanced rainwater use efficiency. The integrated nutrient management (INM), however, decreased the use of chemical fertilizers in BN by up to 50% through on-farm produced vermicompost and recorded yields at par or more than BN with far better benefit to cost ratios (2.26–10.2). Soybean grain S and Zn contents improved with INM. Applied S, B, Zn and vermicompost showed residual benefits as increased crop yields for succeeding three seasons. Hence, results showed INM/BN was economically beneficial for producing more food, while leading to resilience building of SAT production systems.  相似文献