DETERMINATION OF OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER TOXIC EFFECTS ON THREE MINT SPECIES GROWN IN HYDROPONIC CULTURE     

Georgia Ouzounidou  Maria Asfi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(5):726-738

The effects of two olive mill wastewater (OMW) dilutions upon physiological function and metabolic components of three mint species grown in hydroponic culture were studied. Visible symptoms, chlorosis and stunted growth, were pronounced in peppermint and spearmint; toxicity symptoms in menthe douce were few. Peppermint and spearmint displayed loss of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K); menthe douce revealed accumulation of Ca, sodium (Na), and iron (Fe), under OMW. The loss of Ca negatively affected the development and stability of cell wall and membrane; the Mg deficiency negatively affected the photosynthetic apparatus and carbon fixation. Fv′/ Fm′ was slightly affected under OMW, whereas, Φ_PSII, q _P and Rfd displayed significant reductions. No clear effect of OMW on phenols and carbohydrates among the species were found. Ascorbic acid content in peppermint dropped dramatically; the reduction was lower for spearmint and menthe douce. The OMW resistant species, menthe douce, developed a mechanism to control the physiological and the biochemical status.  相似文献   

EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF BORON DEFICIENCY IN CHESTNUT     

Ester Maria Abranches Costa Portela  José Luís Penetra Louzada 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):304-310

This study aims to identify an alternative plant tissue to be used in the early diagnosis of boron (B) deficiency in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). A B-deficient orchard was selected, and 16 trees were submitted to two levels of B fertilization. When flowers were in bloom, the following tissues were sampled: leaves, androgynous catkins and flowers. There was a significant increase in B content in plant tissues due to B application. In July, the highest B content was observed in flowers in B0, but leaves had the greatest content in B1. Boron content in the tissues collected in July was positively correlated with B contents in leaves sampled in September. Foliar B concentrations, irrespective of the sampling period, were correlated with chestnut productivity, while the other tissues did not. These results suggest that the leaves, sampled in bloom, were the most efficient tissue for the early diagnosis of B deficiency.  相似文献   

Nutritional standards and nutritional diagnosis of the Conilon coffee plants in phenological growth stages     

Fábio Luiz Partelli  Marcos Góes Oliveira  André Monzoli Covre  Henrique Duarte Vieira  Jairo Rafael Machado Dias  Heder Braun 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(19):2536-2546

The objective of this study was to establish a nutrient sufficiency range and DRIS standards of Conilon coffee grown in southern Bahia, Brazil for the pre-flowering and grain-filling stages and to perform a nutritional diagnosis of these plants using different methods. The collections were performed in 24 Conilon coffee farm fields to establish the leaf nutritional standards, and 278 samples were collected to the nutritional diagnosis. The nutritional diagnosis was performed by using the sufficiency range criterion and the DRIS method. The nutrient sufficiency range and the DRIS standards must be specific to each phenological stage of the Conilon coffee plants. The leaf concentrations of calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and boron (B) were higher in the pre-flowering stage; and the leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were higher in the grain-filling stage.  相似文献   

Effect of root temperature on carob growth: Nitrate versus ammonium nutrition     

Cristina Cruz  S. Herman Lips  Maria Amelia Martins‐Loucao 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1517-1530

The response of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seedlings grown at different root zone temperatures affected by nitrate and ammonium nutrition was studied. When root temperatures ranged from 10 to 35°C, ammonium‐fed plants were significantly larger than nitrate‐fed plants. Ammonium‐fed plants displayed toxicity symptoms and were much smaller at 40°C root temperature in comparison with the nitrate‐fed plants grown at the same root temperature. Root/shoot ratio slightly increase with root temperature in ammonium‐ and nitrate‐fed plants in a similar way, and shoot demand per root unit decreased with root temperature between 15 and 25°C. There was a general increase in net photosynthesis with root temperature, though nitrate‐fed plants were more sensitive to low and ammonium‐fed plants to high temperatures. Increasing the root temperature of ammonium fed plants from 10 to 40°C leads to a 30% increase in the amount of photosynthates sent to the roots. The presence of ammonium resulted in the distribution of newly fixed carbon away from carbohydrates and into nitrogen compounds. Potassium, calcium, and nitrogen content of the plants also increased with increasing root temperature.  相似文献   

Changes in amino acid and organic acid composition in tomato and cucumber plants in relation to salinity and nitrogen nutrition     

Vicente Martinez  J. Maria Nuñez  Antonio Ortiz  Antonio Cerda 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1359-1368

Under conditions of salt stress, plants show qualitative and quantitative alterations in various organic compounds, such as nitrogen (N) compounds and organic acids. In this work, the effect of different saline levels as well as various N levels, supplied as nitrate (NO₃) or as ammonium (NH₄)+NO₃ on the concentration of amino acids and organic acids in the leaves of tomato and cucumber plants has been studied. The effect of the source of N on individual amino acid contents varied with plant species. Most of the amino acids increased when the concentration of N in the nutrient solution was increased, except when N was added as NH₄+NO₃ for tomato. The effect of salt stress depended on which amino acid was considered. The data also indicate that the effect of salinity on each particular amino acid was greatly dependent on the plant species and N source. Organic acids were differently affected by salinity and by the N source, depending on the plant species. In tomato, the concentrations of short‐chain organic acids were 2–3 times higher in NO₃‐supplied plants than in those grown with NH₄+NO₃. Finally, in cucumber, malic acid concentration increased as a function of the saline level in the medium.  相似文献   

Soil microbiological attributes under summer/winter crops rotation in a no-tillage system     

Clovis Daniel Borges  José Eduardo Corá  José Carlos Barbosa 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(11):1471-1485

Knowledge of the effect of a multiple combination of summer/winter crop rotation on the microbiological properties of soil would allow a more adequate response to its use. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the rotation of three summer crops (continuous soybean, continuous maize and soybean/maize rotation) in combination with seven winter crops (maize, sunflower, oilseed radish, millet, pigeon pea, sorghum and sunn hemp) on the microbiological properties of the soil. A soybean/maize (SM) rotation had a greater influence on microbial biomass than continuous maize (MM) and continuous soybean (SS). Urease and phosphatase activities were not affected by the crop rotation. Dehydrogenase activity was higher in continuous crops (MM and SS) than in SM, whereas respiratory activity was higher in SM than in continuous crops. For the SM rotation, the main variables selected by principal components analysis were microbial biomass C, N and P, respiratory and phosphatase activities, and microbial quotient. Pigeon pea, sorghum and sunn hemp had a greater effect on soil properties than the other winter crops. In general, the degree of influence of the summer and winter crops on the microbiological soil properties can be ranked as follows: SM > MM > SS, and millet > sorghum > sunn hemp > radish > pigeon pea > maize, respectively.  相似文献   

Die Wirkung von Düngungsänderungen auf die mikrobielle Aktivität von Löss‐Schwarzerde nach 96 Jahren differenzierter organischer und mineralischer düngung im “Statischen Düngungsversuch”; Bad Lauchstädt     

Eva‐Maria Klimanek 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):381-397

Über den Zeitraum, in dem langjährige Düngungsänderungen die mikrobielle Aktivität eines Bodens in Abhängigkeit vom C_org‐Gehalt beeinflussen, liegen bisher wenige Kenntnisse vor. Auf ausgewählten Prüfgliedern des Statischen Dauerdüngungs versuches Bad Lauchstädt wurde die Langzeitwirkung differenzierter Düngung in Abhängigkeit vom C_org‐Gehalt des Bodens auf die mikrobielle Aktivität von Löß‐Schwarzerde untersucht. Geprüft wurden die Parameter mikrobielle Biomasse, die Enzyme Protease, β‐Glucosidase, alkalische Phosphatase und Dimethylsulfoxidreduktion, sowie das Mineralisierungsvermögen des Bodens und der Anteil des heißwasserlöslichen Kohlenstoffs (C_hwl). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nach 20 Jahren organischer bzw. fehlender Düngung das Ausgangsniveau der mikrobiellen Aktivität der Vergleichsprüfglieder noch nicht erreicht worden ist. Die Unterlassung einer organischen Düngung auf LößSchwarzerde führte in Abhängigkeit vom C_org‐Ausgangsniveau zu einer Abnahme der mikrobiellen Biomasse zwischen 22 und 31%. Bei Unterlassung einer mineralischen Düngung sank die mikrobielle Biomasse um 13–15%. Die Zufuhr von 15t/ha.a Stalldung zu den Prüfgliedern mit organisch schlecht versorgtem Boden führte mit der Erhöhung des C_org‐Gehaltes zu einem Anstieg der mikrobiellen Biomasse um 31–39%. Zwischen C _org, C_hwl, CO₂‐Freisetzung und mikrobieller Biomasse bestehen enge Beziehungen. Die Enzymaktivitäten zeigten ein differenziertes Verhalten.

Langjährige organische und mineralische bzw. unterlassene Düngung hatte eine nachhaltige Wirkung auf die mikrobielle Aktivität von Löß‐Schwarzerde. Ein Fließgleichgewicht stellt sich demnach auch bei mikrobiellen Parametern erst nach längeren Zeiträumen ein.  相似文献   

Mikrobielle prozesse im asche‐klärschlamm‐kompost bei der rekultivierung von hochhalden in abhängigkeit von der dauer seiner aufbringung     

Eva‐Maria Klimanek 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(4):307-327

Zur Abdeckung einer Hochhalde im Industriegebiet der Leuna‐Werke zum Schutz der Umwelt vor Staub‐und Schadstoffemmission wurde ein Asche‐Klärschlamm‐Kompost eingesetzt. Er wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Dauer der Aufbringung und der Lage auf den Halden hinsichtlich seiner mikrobiellen Aktivität untersucht (Mikrobielle Biomasse, Enzymaktivitäten, Mineralisierbarkeit in der Langzeitinkubation, N‐Nachlieferungsver‐mögen, Keimgehalt an Bakterien, Actinomyceten und Pilzen, Bakterien‐ Pilz‐Verhältnis, ökophysiologische Parameter wie metabolischer Quotient und C_mik/C_org‐Verhältnis).

Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, daß die eingesetzten Substrate über einen längeren Zeitraum mikrobiell sehr aktiv sind und einer starken Mineralisierung unterliegen. Sie ist im Jahr der Aufbringung am stärksten. Die Besiedlung der Substrate trotz eines hohen C_org‐Gehaltes ist gering (C_mik in C_org‐Verhältnis von rd. 0,3%). Das Pilz‐Bakterien‐Verhältnis hat sich während des Versuchszeitraumes von 4 Jahren nur unwesentlich verändert. Die mikrobielle Aktivität nimmt in der Bodentiefe im Vergleich zu Ackerböden langsam ab.

Bis in eine Tiefe von 100 cm lagen mehr als 50% des mineralischen Stickstoffs als Ammonium vor, ab 150 cm war nur noch Nitrat nachzuweisen. Eine Belastung des Grundwassers mit Stickstoff konnte bisher ausgeschlossen werden.

Die eingesetzten Substrate bieten günstige Voraussetzungen für das Pflanzenwachstum. Durch die Begrünung der Halden wird die Staubbelastung in Wohnsiedlungen stark vermindert.  相似文献   

Kaolin influences tomato response to salinity: physiological aspects     

Francesca Boari  Giovanna Cucci  Antonio Donadio  Maria Immacolata Schiattone  Vito Cantore 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(7):559-571

Environmental stress as salinity can negatively affect the physiology of tomato plants. Conditions leading to a reduction of transpiration can contribute to greater tolerance to salinity. Use of kaolin-based particle film technology (PFT) may be an effective tool to control stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, thus mitigating the detrimental effect of salinity. The present three-year study has investigated the effects of kaolin application on leaf gas exchange, leaf water potential, leaf and canopy temperature of field-grown tomato, irrigated with brackish water by drip method, in southern Italy. Treatments were: (1) three salinity levels of irrigation water (electrical conductivity of water = 0.5, 5 and 10 dS m^?1); (2) tomato plants treated or not with kaolin; and (3) two cultivars in each year. The increase in salinity caused the reduction of leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis and transpiration rate, and the increase of leaf and canopy temperature. Kaolin has resulted in an improvement of leaf water potential, and the reduction in gas exchange variables in low-salinity conditions. Under high salinity, kaolin was effective in limiting the reductions in net photosynthesis and reducing leaf and canopy temperature. These latter variables were slightly affected by kaolin, in different ways in respect to the saline treatments; while in non-saline conditions were 0.2–0.5°C higher in the kaolin-treated plants, the situation was reversed in more saline treatment. The variation of leaf and canopy temperature shows that kaolin influences the thermal balance mainly for the dual effect of reflection of the incident radiation and partial occlusion of the stomata. Kaolin mitigated detrimental effects of salinity also on yield, contributing to the improvement of income for the farmers. The use of kaolin-based PFT may be an effective tool to alleviate salinity stress in tomato production under arid and semi-arid conditions.  相似文献   

Fungal pathogens in Norwegian lettuce fields     

Berit Nordskog  Ragnhild Nærstad  Maria L. Herrero  Leif Sundheim  Arne Hermansen 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):230-235

Abstract

Norwegian field production of lettuce has increased considerably since the early 1990s. Disease problems rarely required fungicide applications before 1996, when lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) caused severe losses. From 2002 to 2004, surveys were conducted to identify fungal diseases in Buskerud, Vestfold and Østfold counties in the south-east and Rogaland County in the south-west, representing the main lettuce production regions of Norway. The distribution and incidence of B. lactucae was highly variable, but this pathogen was the most important due to the destructive nature of uncontrolled epidemics. Septoria lactucae caused severe damage, but was found in only one field. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was the most widespread pathogen, found in 32% of the fields, but usually affecting less than 10% of the plants. Pythium tracheiphilum was reported from 33% of the fields in south-east Norway, but was not found in the south-west. Disease incidence was usually less than 5%, and a disease incidence of more than 10% was reported in one field only. Other pathogens of potential economic importance in Norwegian lettuce fields are Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, although they were sporadically distributed in relatively few fields in this survey.  相似文献