Glacial survival of boreal trees in northern Scandinavia     

Parducci L  Jørgensen T  Tollefsrud MM  Elverland E  Alm T  Fontana SL  Bennett KD  Haile J  Matetovici I  Suyama Y  Edwards ME  Andersen K  Rasmussen M  Boessenkool S  Coissac E  Brochmann C  Taberlet P  Houmark-Nielsen M  Larsen NK  Orlando L  Gilbert MT  Kjær KH  Alsos IG  Willerslev E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6072):1083-1086

It is commonly believed that trees were absent in Scandinavia during the last glaciation and first recolonized the Scandinavian Peninsula with the retreat of its ice sheet some 9000 years ago. Here, we show the presence of a rare mitochondrial DNA haplotype of spruce that appears unique to Scandinavia and with its highest frequency to the west-an area believed to sustain ice-free refugia during most of the last ice age. We further show the survival of DNA from this haplotype in lake sediments and pollen of Tr?ndelag in central Norway dating back ~10,300 years and chloroplast DNA of pine and spruce in lake sediments adjacent to the ice-free And?ya refugium in northwestern Norway as early as ~22,000 and 17,700 years ago, respectively. Our findings imply that conifer trees survived in ice-free refugia of Scandinavia during the last glaciation, challenging current views on survival and spread of trees as a response to climate changes.  相似文献   

Mechanism of voltage gating in potassium channels     

Jensen MØ  Jogini V  Borhani DW  Leffler AE  Dror RO  Shaw DE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6078):229-233

The mechanism of ion channel voltage gating-how channels open and close in response to voltage changes-has been debated since Hodgkin and Huxley's seminal discovery that the crux of nerve conduction is ion flow across cellular membranes. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we show how a voltage-gated potassium channel (KV) switches between activated and deactivated states. On deactivation, pore hydrophobic collapse rapidly halts ion flow. Subsequent voltage-sensing domain (VSD) relaxation, including inward, 15-angstrom S4-helix motion, completes the transition. On activation, outward S4 motion tightens the VSD-pore linker, perturbing linker-S6-helix packing. Fluctuations allow water, then potassium ions, to reenter the pore; linker-S6 repacking stabilizes the open pore. We propose a mechanistic model for the sodium/potassium/calcium voltage-gated ion channel superfamily that reconciles apparently conflicting experimental data.  相似文献   

Somatic in vitro culture response of Lolium perenne L.: genetic effects and correlations with anther culture   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Annette Olesen  Morten Storgaard  Sten Madsen  Sven Bode Andersen 《Euphytica》1995,86(3):199-209

Summary Genotypic effects on callus induction and plant regeneration in callus, suspension and protoplast culture, and their correlations with both phenotypic and GCA-values for anther culture response, were studied using 21 genotypes of perennial ryegrass. Differences between genotypes accounted for approximately 40% of the total variation for callus induction and initial callus growth, and 59 and 83% of the variation in callus culture for regeneration percentage and percentage of green plants. Effects of genotypes were less pronounced in suspension culture, where suspensions from the same genotype often behaved differently. Some suspension cultures retained their capacity for green plant regeneration for almost two years, repeatedly producing 80–100% green regenerants during this period. Genotypes with high regeneration percentage and a large proportion of green plants from callus culture were also superior in suspension culture for both regeneration performance and longevity. Regeneration percentage and percentage of green plants were uncorrelated, and probably under different genetic control. While capacity for green plant formation from the different genotypes showed no correlation between anther culture and somatic in vitro culture, a positive correlation was observed between the regeneration percentages in somatic in vitro culture and anther culture (r=0.44^*–0.85^***), suggesting some common genetic control of the two systems.  相似文献   

Impact of puroindoline b alleles on the genetic variation for hardness in soft × hard wheat crosses     

M. Lillemo  K. Ringlund 《Plant Breeding》2002,121(3):210-217

Wheat grain hardness is controlled by one major genetic factor, the puroindoline hardness (ha) locus on the short arm of chromosome 5D, but there is also evidence for other minor genetic factors modifying the effect of puroindoline alleles. In this study, the progeny of nine soft × hard wheat crosses was evaluated for kernel texture, and the allelic state of puroindoline b (pinB) was assessed by polymerase chain reaction. The F₂ populations of all nine crosses showed the expected 1:2:1 segregation ratio of homozygous soft, heterozygous medium and homozygous hard offspring. A model of variance components was constructed to separate the effects of pinB‐D1 allelic variation from other genetic factors affecting endosperm hardness. This model showed that pinB‐D1 allelic variation could explain 75‐93% of the genetic variation for hardness in the F₂, but there were also significant contributions from other genetic factors in all the crosses. The feasibility of pinB‐D1 alleles as a molecular marker for hardness is demonstrated, and the results also indicate the possibility of breeding wheat varieties with true medium hardness.  相似文献   

Suspension culture performance in commercial varieties of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Annette Olesen  Morten Storgaard  Sten Madsen 《Euphytica》1996,88(2):151-157

Summary Suspension culture performance in commercial varieties of perennial ryegrass was studied to assess the effect of variety on suspension culture response and plant regeneration. 179 suspension cultures were established from embryos of mature seeds of 21 varieties and one breeding population. Of these, 123 suspensions were morphogenic (21 varieties) and 66 suspensions (18 varieties) regenerated green plants. A number of suspension lines, originating from two different suspensions, retained the capacity for green plant formation for almost four years. Replicates performed with seed lots of different ages indicated that suspensions initiated from young seeds (1 year) were of better quality than suspensions initiated from older seeds (2–4 years). Varieties differed in their capacity to form morphogenic suspensions and suspensions capable of regenerating green plants, although the effect of variety was relatively small. It was concluded that responsive genotypes can be found within most varieties of Lolium perenne.  相似文献   

Inhibitory effects of feeding with carrots or (-)-falcarinol on development of azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the rat colon   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Kobaek-Larsen M  Christensen LP  Vach W  Ritskes-Hoitinga J  Brandt K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(5):1823-1827

The effects of intake of dietary amounts of carrot or corresponding amounts of (-)-(3R)-falcarinol from carrots on development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon preneoplastic lesions were examined in male BDIX rats. Three groups of eight AOM-treated rats were fed the standard rat feed Altromin supplemented with either 10% (w/w) freeze-dried carrots with a natural content of 35 mug falcarinol/g, 10% maize starch to which was added 35 mug falcarinol/g purified from carrots, or 10% maize starch (control). After 18 weeks, the animals were euthanized and the colon was examined for tumors and aberrant crypt foci (ACF), which were classified into four size classes. Although the number of small ACF was unaffected by the feeding treatments, the numbers of lesions as a function of increasing size class decreased significantly in the rats that received one of the two experimental treatments, as compared with the control treatment. This indicates that the dietary treatments with carrot and falcarinol delayed or retarded the development of large ACF and tumors. The present study provides a new perspective on the known epidemiological associations between high intake of carrots and reduced incidence of cancers.  相似文献   

Fungal diversity in set-aide agricultural soil investigated using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism     

Morten Klamer  Katarina Hedlund 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2004,36(6):983-988

As part of the restoration of biodiversity on former agricultural land there has been focused on methods to enhance the rate of transition from agricultural land towards natural grasslands or forest ecosystems. Management practices such as sowing seed mixtures and inoculating soil of later successional stages have been used. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a managed plant community on the diversity of soil fungi in a newly abandoned agricultural land. A field site was set up consisting of 20 plots where the plant diversity was managed by either sowing 15 plant species, or natural colonization was allowed to occur. The plant mixture contained five species each of grasses, legumes and forbs that all were expected to occur at the site. A subset of the plots (five from each treatment) was inoculated with soil cores from a late successional stage. The plant community composition was subject to a principal component analysis based on the coverage of each species. Five years after abandonment, soil samples were taken from the plots, DNA was extracted and the ITS region of the rDNA gene was amplified using fluorescently labelled fungal specific primers (ITS 1F/ITS 4). The PCR products were digested using HinfI and TaqI and sequenced. Results from both restriction enzymes were combined and a principal component analysis performed on the presence/absence of fragments. Also the fungal diversity expressed as number of restriction fragments were analysed. There was significantly higher fungal species richness in the experimental plots compared to the forest and field soils, but no differences between sown and naturally colonized plots. The different plant treatments did not influence the below ground fungal community composition. Soil water content on the other hand had an impact on the fungal community composition.  相似文献   

Electrochemical in situ impregnation of wood using a copper nail as source for copper     

Lisbeth M. Ottosen  Thomas Block  Morten Nymark  Iben V. Christensen 《Wood Science and Technology》2011,45(2):289-302

A new method for copper impregnation of wood in structures was suggested and tested in laboratory scale with specimen of new pine sapwood. A copper nail and a steel screw were placed in the wood, and an electric direct current field was applied, so the copper nail was anode and the screw was cathode. At the anode, copper ions were generated. The copper ions were transported into the wood by electromigration (movement of ions in an applied electric field) towards the cathode, and a volume between the two electrodes was thereby impregnated. Copper also moved to a lesser degree in the opposite direction, probably due to capillary effects, and a smaller volume behind the anode was impregnated as well. The impregnation perpendicular to the grain was limited compared to the one along the grain. The highest Cu concentrations were obtained close to the anode.  相似文献   

The Effects of Feeding Peptide-Precipitating Lignosulphonic Acids in Various Concentrations to Growing Pigs     

Bjrn Nss  Morten Fjlstad 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1973,14(1):147

It is shown that lignosulphonic acids, at a concentration of 13 % in conventional feed given to growing pigs, lead to a marked reduction in the weight gain.When given 3 % and 6 % lignosulphonic acids in the feed, no effects on the weight gain were observed as compared to the controls.The weight gain reduction caused by lignosulphonic acids at high levels in the feed is discussed in relation to the inhibitory effects of these acids on a number of biological systems which have been studied previously.  相似文献   

CIMMYT人工合成小麦与普通小麦杂交后代籽粒硬度puroindoline基因等位变异检测   总被引：14，自引：3，他引：14  

陈锋  夏先春  王德森  Morten Lillemo  何中虎 《中国农业科学》2006,39(3):440-447

 【目的】山羊草与硬粒小麦杂交培育的人工合成小麦已广泛应用于国内外小麦品种改良，研究人工合成小麦与普通小麦杂交后代的籽粒硬度变异类型，有助于提高育种效率。【方法】以来自CIMMYT的176份人工合成小麦与普通小麦杂交后代为材料，采用单籽粒谷物硬度测试仪、特异引物的PCR扩增和改进的SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳对其SKCS硬度及其基因型进行了研究。【结果】硬质基因型均为Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a类型，软质基因型有Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i和Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h等4种类型。其中Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i是最常见的突变类型，占软质麦总数的49.1%。不同puroindoline类型的硬度比较表明，Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a与其它类型间差异均达1%显著水平。在软质基因型中，Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i类型硬度相对较高，与Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a的籽粒硬度差异达5%显著水平。另外，Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i的千粒重和粒径也显著高于其它变异类型。【结论】本试验发现了多种普通小麦中未曾发现过的puroindoline基因型，且硬度数值间存在显著差异，为人工合成小麦在品种改良中的应用和我国从CIMMYT引种提供了依据，同时也有助于puroindoline基因的多态性研究。  相似文献