Estimating carbon sequestration potential of existing agroforestry systems in India     

Ajit  S. K. Dhyani  A. K. Handa  Ram Newaj  S. B. Chavan  Badre Alam  Rajendra Prasad  Asha Ram  R. H. Rizvi  Amit Kumar Jain  Uma  Dharmendra Tripathi  R. R. Shakhela  A. G. Patel  V. V. Dalvi  A. K. Saxena  A. K. S. Parihar  M. R. Backiyavathy  R. J. Sudhagar  C. Bandeswaran  S. Gunasekaran 《Agroforestry Systems》2017,91(6):1101-1118

India launched National Agroforestry Policy on 10th February, 2014 which has the potential to substantially reduce poverty in rural India and revive wood based industry, besides integrating food production with environmental services. The policy is not only crucial to India’s ambitious goal of achieving 33 per cent forest and tree cover but also to mitigate GHG emissions from agriculture sector. Dynamic CO2FIX-v3.1 model has been used to estimate the carbon sequestration potential (CSP) of existing agroforestry systems (AFS) for simulation period of 30 years in twenty six districts from ten selected states of India. The observed number of trees on farmers’ field in these districts varied from 1.81 to 204 per hectare with an average value of 19.44 trees per hectare. The biomass in the tree component varied from 0.58 to 48.50 Mg DM ha^?1, whereas, the total biomass (tree and crop) ranged from 4.96 to 58.96 Mg DM ha^?1. The soil organic carbon ranged from 4.28 to 24.13 Mg C ha^?1. The average estimated carbon sequestration potential of the AFS, representing varying edapho-climatic conditions, on farmers field at country level was 0.21 Mg C ha^?1yr^?1. At national level, existing AFS are estimated to mitigate 109.34 million tons CO₂ annually, which may offsets one-third (33 %) of the total GHG emissions from agriculture sector.  相似文献   

Response of spring wheat to boron-coated urea and its effect on nitrogen use efficiency     

Yashbir Singh Shivay  Rajendra Prasad  Vijay Pooniya  Madan Pal  Radhika Bansal 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(13):1920-1927

A field study was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the response of spring wheat to boron applied as boron-coated urea (BCU) and the effect of boron (B) coating on the use efficiency of applied fertilizer urea nitrogen. The BCU (0.5% B) significantlyrecorded the highest increase in leaf area index (30.2%), spike length (12.5%), number of spikes (10.9%), filled grains (15.7%) and grain weight (16.3%) per spike in spring wheat than uncoated prilled urea (PU). Furthermore, the application of 0.5% BCU enhanced the grain and straw yields of spring wheat by 11% and 10.6% over uncoated PU. The BCU (0.5% B) also significantly increased the N concentration and N uptake both in wheat grain and straw. The BCU (0.5% B) recorded 24.8% higher recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen and an increase of 3.6 kg grain kg^?1 N applied in agronomic efficiency compared to uncoated PU. The net returns (USD915.1 ha^?1) and benefit:cost ratio (1.40) werealso the highest with 0.5% BCU, significantly higher than uncoated PU. Therefore, 0.5% boron coating onto PU is recommended for increased productivity and enhanced efficiency of applied fertilizer nitrogen for spring wheat in Indo-Gangetic plains of India.  相似文献   

Use of gas chromatographic retention indices for quantitative structure activity relationship studies of dialkyl phenyl phosphates     

Balkrishna R. Gandhe  Purnanand  Rameshwar Prasad  Rajinder K. Danikhel  Shankarrao K. Shinde  Rajendra K. Srivastava  Balwant S. Batra  Karumuru M. Rao 《Pest management science》1990,29(4):379-385

Thirty-five dialkyl phenyl phosphates analogous to methyl and ethyl paraoxon were synthesized and their insecticidal activity against house fly (Musca nebulo) determined. Gas chromatographic retention indices (GCRI) at 200°C for all the phosphates were determined on OV-101, DB-1701 and DB-WX fused-silica capillary columns. The retention indices on polar and nonpolar columns (DB-1701 and OV-101, DB-WX and OV-101) considered together were shown to be related to the Hansch hydrophobic constant (II). Multiple regression analysis using the least-square method was carried out to establish the linear relationships between insecticidal activity and GCRI along with the Hammett constant, (σ). The multiple correlation coefficients (r) of various parameters obtained using GCRI were found to be as significant as those obtained using II values. It was found that both hydrophobic and electronic effects made a significant contribution to the insecticidal activity of dialkyl phenyl phosphates. It is concluded that GCRI on two columns can be used directly as an indicator for hydrophobicity in QSAR studies provided that a suitable pair of polar and nonpolar columns is used for this purpose.  相似文献   

Effect of thiourea on the histopathology and the reproductive performance of the male flesh fly Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabr.)     

Rajendra Kumar Sharma  Neeta Agarwal  Ranjana Saxena 《Pest management science》1980,11(6):660-666

When newly emerged and 24-hour-old male flesh flies Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabr.) were fed on food containing 1.5% thiourea for 24 h, there was a small decrease in the size of the testes in both cases. Disturbance in spermatogenesis and histopathological damage were also observed in both cases. However, in the newly emerged flies the effect was mainly on secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, while in the others the effect was more pronounced on spermatogonia. The reproductive performance in respect of the production of larvae was considerably diminished in the newly emerged treated flies and was even further diminished in flies that were 24 h old when treated. The rate of adult emergence, however, remained unaffected for both kinds.  相似文献   

Dehydrogenase activity and VAM fungi in tree-rhizosphere of agroforestry systems in Indian arid zone     

Rajendra Prasad  R. S. Mertia 《Agroforestry Systems》2005,63(3):219-223

Biological activity in tree rhizosphere and association of VAM fungi with tree-roots could be used as selection criteria for agroforestry trees in arid ecosystems. Dehydrogenase activity and VAM fungi association in rhizosphere of six agroforestry trees (Azadirachta indica, Acacia tortilis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulata) were studied under irrigated and rainfed conditions in the arid zone of India. Higher dehydrogenase activity (9.5 to 16.8∼p kat g soil⁻¹), root colonization (58.3 to 68.5%) and spore density (132.5 to 234.7 spores 100 g soil⁻¹) were observed in tree rhizosphere as compared to that in non-rhizosphere (7.4, 37.7 and 44.4). Irrigation had increased dehydrogenase activity by 22.1% while it reduced root colonization and spore density by 14.2% and 16.2%, respectively. Trees of A. indica had registered maximum growth while E. camaldulensis the least. Findings suggest that selection of A. nilotica, A. indica, and T. undulata for plantations of agroforestry in arid region would reduce the risk and ensure sustainability of the agroforestry system.  相似文献   

In vitro biomechanical properties of linear, circular, and hybrid external skeletal fixation devices for use in large ruminants     

Singh GR  Aithal HP  Saxena RK  Kinjavdekar P  Amarpal  Hoque M  Maiti SK  Pawde AM  Joshi HC 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2007,36(1):80-87

OBJECTIVE: To report the biomechanical properties of 3 external skeletal fixation (ESF) devices for use in large ruminants. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro biomechanical testing of ESF constructs. SAMPLE POPULATION: Adult buffalo (weighing, 250-350 kg) tibiae (n=27). METHODS: ESF constructs (bilateral linear fixator [BLF], 4-ring circular external fixator [CEF], and hybrid fixator [HF]) were made using mild (low carbon) steel implants plated with nickel and cadaveric buffalo tibiae. After ESF application, a 1 cm mid-diaphyseal gap was created. Constructs were loaded to failure, on a materials testing machine, in axial compression (n=5/ESF type) and craniocaudal bending (n=3/ESF type). In addition, 3 CEF constructs were tested in intact tibiae under craniocaudal bending. RESULT: In compression, HF was the strongest and most rigid construct; yield load was significantly higher for HF than for BLF or CEF. Under bending, both CEF and HF had similar strength and modulus of elasticity. Strength for BLF was higher than CEF and HF, whereas the reverse was true for modulus of elasticity. CONCLUSIONS: ESF made from mild steel for use in large ruminants could withstand相似文献   

Effects of shade on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and growth of crops and tree seedlings in Central India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ashok Shukla  Anil Kumar  Anuradha Jha  Om Prakash Chaturvedi  Rajendra Prasad  Ajit Gupta 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(1):95-109

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different light intensities (25, 50, 67, and 100% of full sun [open]) on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and growth of two intercrops (a rainy season crop, Phaseolus mungo Roxb. var. PU-35 and a winter crop, Triticum aestivum L. var. WH-147) and seedlings of two multipurpose tree species (Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. [Clone C-7, ITC, Bhadrachalam] and Albizia procera Benth.) of Central India. The results showed that various plant growth parameters viz., shoot length, dry weight and phosphorus (P) uptake were adversely affected by low light intensity. Inoculations with AM fungi (Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe, Glomus intraradix Schenck & Smith and an unidentified Glomus species) increased the plant growth on account of all measured parameters under tested light conditions. Mycorrhizal efficiency of different AM fungi varied in narrow range. AM inoculants were more efficient at higher light intensity in above mentioned plant species, except wheat. Data on colonization of P. mungo, T. aestivum, E. tereticornis and A. procera showed that formation of arbuscules, vesicles and sporocarp was delayed by lower light intensity. Colonization index of host roots and spore counts increased with increase in light intensity during successive months after inoculation. Data on effect of light regimes on microclimate of net house showed that lux meter reading decreased as per grades of shading nets used during both rainy and winter seasons. With increase in light intensity, ambient temperature, soil surface temperature and sub surface temperature at 15 cm depth increased, except that the ambient and soil surface temperature in control (open) were slightly lower than net house observations during January and February. Value of ambient temperature varied in narrow range, with in treatments as compared to soil surface and sub soil surface temperature at 15 cm depth. Soil surface temperature at 25% of full sunlight was less than respective control values by 2–11°C and sub soil temperature at 15 cm depth was less by 4–12°C. The values of different microclimate parameters varied in narrower range during winter season as compared to rainy season. While ranking the importance of two factors studied—light and AM fungi—for their effect on the growth and P uptake by different plant species, inoculations with AM fungi came in the first place (explained 50–82% variation) and light substantially increased the values of R ² in stepwise regression analysis (forward selection). The results suggest that AM inoculation may enhance the growth and P uptake of intercrops under tree shade and the tree canopy management is likely to increase the efficiency of AM inoculants in agroforestry systems. Use of excessive shading (25% of full sun or more) in nurseries may be avoided and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) lamps may be used to increase growth and colonization index of tree seedlings.  相似文献   

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata          下载免费PDF全文

Mohammed Riyazaddin  Polavarapu B. Kavi Kishor  Are Ashok Kumar  Belum V. S. Reddy  Rajendra S. Munghate  Hari C. Sharma 《Plant Breeding》2015,134(4):423-436

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.  相似文献   

Effect of nitrogen levels and coated urea on growth,yields and nitrogen use efficiency in aromatic rice     

Yashbir Singh Shivay  Rajendra Prasad  Madan Pal 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(6):875-882

Results from a field experiment conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India showed that coating urea with elemental sulfur or gypsum or phosphogypsum gave higher yields (12.08, 6.78 and 6.14% higher grain yield compared to prilled urea) of high yielding an aromatic rice cultivar ‘Pusa Sugandh 5’ (Pusa 2511) and increased the efficiency of prilled urea. As regards nitrogen use efficiency sulfur coated urea was nearly twice as effective as gypsum or phosphogypsum coated urea; the latter two were equally effective compared to prilled urea alone.  相似文献   

Effect of Sources,Methods and Time of Application of Zinc on Productivity,Zinc Uptake and Use Efficiency of Oats (Avena Sativa L.) Under Zinc Defficient Condition     

Yashbir Singh Shivay  Rajendra Prasad  Madan Pal 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(9):1372-1382

A field experiment conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India showed that oats (Avena sativa L.) responded (grain yield increase) to zinc (Zn) fertilizer and coating of oat seeds with Zn sulfate or Zn oxide is the best practice. Zinc fertilizer applied to soil, deep placement (5 cm below the seed placement) was superior for growth and yield than soil surface (broadcast) application. Delaying Zn application to 25 days after sowing (first irrigation) was inferior to Zn application at sowing. Partial factor productivity (PFP) of applied Zn varied from 700–2,024 kg grain kg Zn^?1, agronomic efficiency (AE) varied from 62–428 kg grain increase kg^?1 Zn (applied) and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn varied from 1,822–3,221 kg grain kg^?1 Zn (absorbed). The crop recovery efficiency (CRE) varied from 3.1–17.7%. Thus, adequate Zn fertilizer of oats can lead to higher grain yield and higher Zn concentration in grain (improved quality for human nutrition) under Zn deficient soil.  相似文献