Screening of Ethiopian sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) landraces for their performance under Striga hermonthica ‐infested conditions          下载免费PDF全文

Mesfin Abate  Temam Hussien  Wondimu Bayu  Fasil Reda 《Plant Breeding》2017,136(5):652-662

Striga hermonthica is a major constraint to sorghum production and productivity in sub‐Saharan Africa, Ethiopia, in particular. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of 49 sorghum genotypes based on their reaction to S. hermonthica and investigate the relationships among yield and Striga resistance traits, including the Striga emergence count, area under Striga number progress curve, area under Striga severity progress curve, grain yield under infested, grain yield under non‐infested conditions and relative yield loss. The genotypes differed significantly in all measured parameters under Striga‐infested and non‐infested conditions. The genotypes ‘Birhan’, ‘Gubiye’, Wolegie, Zegerie, Nechmashila I, Woftel, Tetron and Eyssa were identified as promising ones based on grain yield and Striga‐related traits. On the other hand, the genotypes Jamyo, Bobie, Gedido, Mankebar and Zengada had moderate Striga numbers with low relative yield loss as compared with susceptible checks. The most promising variety, Zegerie, Mankebar and Zengada, out yielded the standard resistant checks ‘Birhan’ and ‘Gubiye’ under Striga infestation. Ward cluster analysis grouped the 49 sorghum genotypes in to four distinct clusters under Striga‐infested conditions. All members of clusters II and III showed the highest yielding group with the lowest to moderate Striga number, while cluster IV supported the lowest yield with the highest Striga number. Significant negative correlations were observed between yield‐ and Striga‐related traits. Highly significant and strong correlations were observed among Striga resistance indices, indicating that any of the Striga resistance parameters can be used as an indicator of resistance. The wide variations in grain yield among genotypes under Striga‐infested conditions would be invaluable genetic resources for production in Striga endemic areas of Ethiopia.  相似文献   

Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a functional GSTmu class from the cattle tick Boophilus annulatus     

Shahein YE  El Sayed El-Hakim A  Abouelella AM  Hamed RR  Allam SA  Farid NM 《Veterinary parasitology》2008,152(1-2):116-126

A full-length cDNA of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) was cloned from a cDNA library of the local Egyptian cattle tick Boophilus annulatus. The 672 bp cloned fragment was sequenced and showed an open reading frame encoding a protein of 223 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with GSTs from other species revealed that the sequence is closely related to the mammalian mu-class GST. The cloned gene was expressed in E. coli under T7 promotor of pET-30b vector, and purified under native conditions. The purified enzyme appeared as a single band on 12% SDS-PAGE and has a molecular weight of 30.8 kDa including the histidine tag of the vector. The purified enzyme was assayed upon the chromogenic substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and the recombinant enzyme showed high level of activity even in the presence of the beta-galactosidase region on its 5' end and showed maximum activity at pH 7.5. The Km values for CDNB and GSH were 0.57 and 0.79 mM, respectively. The over expressed rBaGST showed high activity toward CDNB (121 units/mg protein) and less toward DCNB (29.3 units/mg protein). rBaGST exhibited peroxidatic activity on cumene hydroperoxide sharing this property with GSTs belonging to the GST alpha class. I50 values for cibacron blue and bromosulfophthalein were 0.22 and 8.45 microM, respectively, sharing this property with the mammalian GSTmu class. Immunoblotting revealed the presence of the GST molecule in B. annulatus protein extracts; whole tick, larvae, gut, salivary gland and ovary. Homologues to the GSTmu were also detected in other tick species as Hyalomma dromedarii and Rhipicephalus sp. while in Ornithodoros moubata, GSTmu homologue could not be detected.  相似文献   

The differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus subtypes by means of the passive immuno-hemolysis test     

G Wittmann  I M Reda 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1972,19(9):764-775

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Environmental management and biological aspects of the two eriophyoid fig mites Aceria ficus (Cotte) and Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae Keifer in Egypt     

B. A. Abou-Awad  B. M. El-Sawaf  A. S. Reda  A. A. Abdel-Khalek 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2000,73(1):5-12

Mites associated with abandoned fig trees in Egypt were observed during a 2-year study. This study included species diversity and seasonal fluctuations as well as some biological aspects of common eriophyoid species. Three phytophagous species consisted of the fig bud mite Aceria ficus (Cotte), the fig leaf mite Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae Keifer and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, representing a basic trophic level, were fed upon by three of predacious mites (Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor), Amblyselus swirskii Athias-Henriot, Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez). Population abundance of the injurious mites were affected by the prevailing climatic conditions, action of predators and leaf age. A control measure of one summer pesticide (abamectin) application throughout the year seemed to be the most successful management of harmful mites. Life table parameters showed that the population of A. ficus multiplied 28.52 times in a generation time of 17.90 days, while R. ficifoliae population increased 16.50 times in a generation time of 14.61 days. Field and laboratory studies indicated that the viviparity is a typical character in the reproduction of R. ficifoliae.  相似文献   

Early fungal community succession following crown fire in Pinus mugo stands and surface fire in Pinus sylvestris stands     

Jurga Motiejūnaitė  Gražina Adamonytė  Reda Iršėnaitė  Sigitas Juzėnas  Jonas Kasparavičius  Ernestas Kutorga  Svetlana Markovskaja 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(4):745-756

The early post-fire development of mycobiota following a crown fire in mountain pine plantations and a surface fire in Scots pine plantations, and in the corresponding unburnt stands in the coastal sand dunes of the Curonian Spit in western Lithuania was investigated. Species numbers in unburnt Pinus mugo and Pinus sylvestris stands showed annual fluctuation, but in the burnt sites, the numbers of fungi increased yearly, especially in the crown fire plots. Both burnt stand types—P. mugo and P. sylvestris—showed strongly significant (two-way ANOSIM; R = 1, p < 0.05) differences in species composition; the differences between unburnt sites were clearly expressed but less significant (R = 0.86, p < 0.05). Fungal species composition of burnt P. mugo and P. sylvestris sites was qualitatively different from that of corresponding unburnt sites (two-way ANOSIM; R ≥ 0.75, p < 0.05). The chronosequence of mycobiota in surface fire burns was less clearly defined than in crown fire sites, reflecting the greater patchiness of impacts of the surface fire. Although both fire types were detrimental or at least damaging to all functional groups of fungi (saprobic on soil and forest litter, wood-inhabiting, biotrophic, and mycorrhizal and lichenized fungi), their recovery and appearance (fructification) patterns varied between the groups and among the burn types. The end of the early post-fire fungal succession (cessation of sporocarp production of pyrophilous fungi) was recorded 3 years after the fire for both crown and surface fire types, which is earlier than reported by other authors. Rare or threatened fungal species that are dependent on fire regime were not recorded during the study.  相似文献   

Histomorphometrical study on the skin of different regions of the Caribbean common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758)     

Reda Mohamed  William Pérez  Marcelo Leite da Veiga 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2021,50(1):144-150

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Chromium stress alleviation by salicylic acid in Malabar spinach (Basella alba)     

Reda M. Y. Zewail  Heba S. El-Desoukey  Kanndakhar R. Islam 《Journal of plant nutrition》2020,43(9):1268-1285

Abstract

Phytoremediation is a natural approach to use plants for decontaminating soil. A pot-culture factorial experiment in completely randomized design was conducted to evaluate the effects of four levels [0, 25, 50, and 100?mg/kg] of chromium (Cr) with three levels [0, 0.5, and 1-M solution) of plant defense inducer salicylic acid (SA) on growth, physiological processes, and biochemical responses of Malabar spinach (Basella alba). Results showed that Cr significantly decreased vine length (VL), leaf number (LN), leaf area (LA), fresh- (FBM), and dry-biomass (DBM), root length (RL), and dry-matter ratio (DMR). Cr also significantly decreased SPAD (chlorophyll contents), by 9% to 29% and net photosynthesis (Pn) rates, by 36% to 71%, but increased transpiration (E) rates, by 1.5 to 2.7 times and stomatal conductance (C), by 1.7 to 3.5 times, as compared with the control. Proline contents increased with an associated decrease in oxidative enzyme activities such as peroxidase, (POD) and catalase, (CAT) with increasing Cr levels. Cr significantly reduced the Dry Matter Ratio (DMR) (12% to 42%) and LA (10% to 35%), RL -stress (11% to 27%), and SPAD (10% to 28%) stress tolerance indices. The integrated stress tolerance index (IST_Index) of Malabar spinach was reduced (by 6% to 23%) by Cr stress, as compared to the control. SA application, in contrast, partially alleviated the severity of Cr toxicity effects on VL, LN, LA, FBM, DBM, RL, and DMR and increased the SPAD (by 12%), Photosynthesis Net (Pn) (by 53% to 68%), and stomatal conductance (C) (by 35% to 50%), respectively. Furthermore, SA increased plant stress tolerance indices by increasing antioxidant enzymatic functions. SA application recovered the IST_Index at all Cr levels, and the recovery effect on plants was more pronounced by 0.5-M SA than by other SA treatments. The mechanism of stress tolerance as induced by SA application may help plants to better survive and maintain growth in presence of higher Cr contents in soil. Results suggested that SA, as a plant defense inducer, can be exploited for improving Cr phytoremediation potential of Malabar spinach to decontaminate soil.  相似文献   

Molecular and phenotypic diversity of ICARDA spring barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> L.) collection     

Reda Amezrou  Sanjaya Gyawali  Loubna Belqadi  Shiaoman Chao  Mustapha Arbaoui  Sujan Mamidi  Sajid Rehman  Avinash Sreedasyam  Ramesh Pal Singh Verma 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2018,65(1):255-269

Plant breeders are interested in using diverse genotypes in hybridization that can segregate for traits of importance with possibility of selection and genetic gain. Information on molecular and agro-morphological diversity helps the breeders reduce the effort for parental selection and helps the advancement of generations. A phenotypic and molecular diversity study, using 24 traits (agronomic and disease) and 6519 SNPs in a diverse collection of 336 spring barley genotypes, was carried out at Marchouch and Jemma Shiam research stations in Morocco. Based on structure and multivariate analyses, strong differentiation between the two- and six-row types were observed. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay of the current collection (for the combined population) was up to 3.58 cM (r ² = 0.15) while LD decay were estimated 3.91 and 2.36 cM for two- and six-row barley, respectively. PCA of agro-morphological traits revealed grain per spike, net form of net blotch (NFNB), spot form of net blotch (SFNB), and 1000 kernel weight were the most discriminatory traits in the current collection. Association mapping in the two independent populations will be ideal for identification of markers, and QTL related to traits. The generated information on relatedness between individuals will help identify diverse genotypes for breeding programs.  相似文献   

Molecular Architecture and Biomedical Leads of Terpenes from Red Sea Marine Invertebrates     

Mohamed Elamir F. Hegazy  Tarik A. Mohamed  Montaser A. Alhammady  Alaa M. Shaheen  Eman H. Reda  Abdelsamed I. Elshamy  Mina Aziz  Paul W. Paré 《Marine drugs》2015,13(5):3154-3181

Marine invertebrates including sponges, soft coral, tunicates, mollusks and bryozoan have proved to be a prolific source of bioactive natural products. Among marine-derived metabolites, terpenoids have provided a vast array of molecular architectures. These isoprenoid-derived metabolites also exhibit highly specialized biological activities ranging from nerve regeneration to blood-sugar regulation. As a result, intense research activity has been devoted to characterizing invertebrate terpenes from both a chemical and biological standpoint. This review focuses on the chemistry and biology of terpene metabolites isolated from the Red Sea ecosystem, a unique marine biome with one of the highest levels of biodiversity and specifically rich in invertebrate species.  相似文献   

Tree-grass coexistence in a flood-disturbed, semi-arid savanna system     

Matthew F. Child  Sue J. Milton  Richard W. J. Dean  Marisa K. Lipsey  James Puttick  Tessa N. Hempson  Gareth K. Mann  Hassan Babiker  Jamshed Chaudrey  Glynis Humphrey  Grant Joseph  Nicola C. Okes  Reda Potts  Thuli Wistebaar 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(2):315-326

The coexistence of trees and grasses in savanna ecosystems is a contentious phenomenon. Fire and herbivory disturbances are often cited as major structuring forces that create a sustainable tree–grass relationship. However, periodic flooding of savanna patches may also enable coexistence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of flood-disturbance on the recruitment patterns of Acacia karroo trees in a semi-arid savanna system in South Africa. We analysed the spatial coincidence of A. karroo seedlings with tussocks of the tall spiny grass Stipagrostis namaquensis in the riverbed and related herbivory intensity to spatial position. The data showed that A. karroo seedlings were significantly positively associated with S. namaquensis (Chi-square test, $ \chi_{1}^{2} = 4 5. 20 $ , n = 118, P < 0.001); A. karroo seedlings growing inside of tussocks experienced less browsing pressure than those growing in the floodplain (Kruskal–Wallis test, H = 11.90, n = 118, P < 0.01); and recruitment success of A. karroo trees was spatially discrete (K–S test, D = 0.78, n = 196, P < 0.01). We suggest that floods create an enemy-free zone, which S. namaquensis colonises and then facilitates successful A. karroo establishment. High levels of A. karroo recruitment in the riverbed may replenish the woodlands fringing the river, which appear to be sink areas for A. karroo seedlings. Thus, the interaction between disturbances at different spatial and temporal scales (flooding versus herbivory) seems to maintain the inherently unstable coexistence of tree and grass species in this ecosystem. These findings also suggested that flood disturbances alter the tree–grass relationship.  相似文献