Environmental effects on soil NO concentrations and root N uptake in beech and spruce forests          下载免费PDF全文

Fang Dong  Judy Simon  Michael Rienks  Jürgen Schäffer  Klaus von Wilpert  Heinz Rennenberg 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2016,179(2):244-256

This study aimed to investigate the shifts in net nitrogen (N) uptake and N compounds of fine roots over the vegetation period (i.e., spring, summer, autumn) and correlate this with NO concentration in the soil. Soil NO concentration was measured using gas lysimeters for collection and a chemiluminescence analyzer for quantification. Net N uptake by the roots was determined using the ¹⁵N enrichment technique. N pools were quantified using spectrophotometric techniques. Soil NO concentrations at beech and spruce forest sites were highest in spring (June), and lowest in winter (December). Total N of the roots was similar during the seasons and between the two years under study despite considerable variation of different N compounds. Net N uptake generally increased with higher N supply. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between soil NO concentration and net N uptake only for spruce trees. This relationship seemed to be modulated by environmental factors and tree species.  相似文献   

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Margit von Lützow  Ingrid Kögel‐Knabner  Bernard Ludwig  Egbert Matzner  Heinz Flessa  Klemens Ekschmitt  Georg Guggenberger  Bernd Marschner  Karsten Kalbitz 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2008,171(1):111-124

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.  相似文献   

Betrachtung möglicher Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Schadpilze im Obstbau am Beispiel von Fruchtfäuleerregern an Äpfeln     

Roland W. S. Weber 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2009,51(3):115-120

Whereas the rise in temperature during the past 30–40 years has already had clear impacts on the phenology of fruit trees and pathogenic insects, there is a lack of such correlations for fungal pathogens. An examination of fruit rots indicates that pathogenic fungi react differentially to climate change due to their complex infection biology. The appearance of the black rot fungus Diplodia seriata in Northwestern Europe is best explained by rising temperatures during the vegetation period. An increase in fruit rot caused by Nectria galligena is anticipated when milder and more humid winter months favour canker formation on twigs and branches, thereby increasing inoculum for fruit infections. An increasing importance of Neofabraea alba and Glomerella cingulata and/or G.??acutata as storage rots of apples in Northern Germany cannot be safely correlated with the climate change at present. Research on fungi is currently being expanded at the OVB Jork in order to ensure a faster identification of new pathogens and a more thorough investigation of relevant features of their infection biology.  相似文献   

Analysing taxonomic structures and local ecological processes in temperate forests in North Eastern China     

Chunyu Fan  Lingzhao Tan  Chunyu Zhang  Xiuhai Zhao  Klaus von Gadow 《BMC ecology》2017,17(1):33

  相似文献   

Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations     

Rebecka Dücker  Peter Zllner  Evlampia Parcharidou  Susanne Ries  Lothar Lorentz  Roland Beffa 《Pest management science》2019,75(11):2996-3004

  相似文献   

Dust levels and control methods in poultry houses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ellen HH  Bottcher RW  von Wachenfelt E  Takai H 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2000,6(4):275-282

This article summarizes information from the papers and posters presented at the international symposium on "Dust Control in Animal Production Facilities", held in Aarhus (Denmark) on 30 May-2 June 1999. Dust concentrations in poultry houses vary from 0.02 to 81.33 mg/m3 for inhalable dust and from 0.01 to 6.5 mg/m3 for respirable dust. Houses with caged laying hens showed the lowest dust concentrations, i.e., less than 2 mg/m3, while the dust concentrations in the other housing systems, e.g., perchery and aviary systems, were often four to five times higher. Other factors affecting the dust concentrations are animal category, animal activity, bedding materials and season. The most important sources of dust seem to be the animals and their excrements. Further studies on the effects of housing systems on dust sources and their compounds are desired for development of a healthier working environment in poultry production facilities. Adjustment of the relative humidity (RH) of the air in a broiler house to 75% will have an effect on inhalable dust, but not on respirable dust. A slight immediate effect on the respirable dust was observed after fogging with pure water or water with rapeseed oil. In an aviary system, a 50 to 65% reduction of the inhalable dust concentration was found after spraying water with 10% of oil and pure water, respectively. To obtain a higher dust reducing efficiency, improvement of techniques for application of droplets onto dust sources will be desired.  相似文献   

Inter‐specific variability in organic nitrogen uptake of three temperate grassland species     

Alexandra Weigelt  Rosalind King  Roland Bol  Richard D. Bardgett 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2003,166(5):606-611

We tested the inter‐specific variability in the ability of three dominant grasses of temperate grasslands to take up organic nitrogen (N) in the form of amino acids in soils of differing fertility. Amino acid uptake was determined by injecting dual labeled glycine‐2‐¹³C‐¹⁵N into the soil, and then measuring the enrichment of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N in plant tissue after 50 hours. We found enrichment of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N in root and shoot material of all species in both soils, providing first evidence for direct uptake of glycine. We show that there was considerable inter‐specific variability in amino acid uptake in the low fertility soil. Here, direct uptake of amino acid was greater in the grass Agrostis capillaris, which typically dominates low fertility grassland, than Lolium perenne, which inhabits more fertile sites. Direct uptake of amino acid for Holcus lanatus. was intermediate between the above two species. Unlike in the low fertility soil, there was no difference in uptake of either ¹³C or ¹⁵N by grasses in the high fertility soil, where uptake of mineral N is thought to be the major mechanism of N uptake of these grasses. Overall, our findings may contribute to our understanding of differences in competitive interactions between grasses in soils of different fertility status.  相似文献   

Influence of storage practices on acrylamide formation during potato frying     

De Wilde T  De Meulenaer B  Mestdagh F  Govaert Y  Vandeburie S  Ooghe W  Fraselle S  Demeulemeester K  Van Peteghem C  Calus A  Degroodt JM  Verhé R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(16):6550-6557

A number of parameters linked to storage of potatoes were evaluated with regard to their potential to influence the acrylamide formation in French fries. Acrylamide, which is a potential human carcinogen, is reported to be formed during the frying of potatoes as a result of the reactions between asparagine and reducing sugars. This study was conducted using three potato varieties (Bintje, Ramos, and Saturna) typically used in Belgium, The Netherlands, and the northern part of France for French fry and crisp production. Saturna, mainly used in crisp production, appeared to be the least susceptible for acrylamide formation during frying. Especially storage at low temperatures (4 degrees C) compared to storage at 8 degrees C seemed to enhance acrylamide formation due to a strong increase in reducing sugars caused by low-temperature storage. Because of the reversible nature of this physiological reaction, it was possible to achieve a significant reduction of the reducing sugars after a reconditioning of the cold-stored potatoes for 3 weeks at 15 degrees C. All changes in acrylamide concentrations could mainly be explained by the reducing sugar content of the potato (R2 = 0.84, n = 160). This means that, by ensuring a low reducing sugar content of the potato tuber, the risk for acrylamide formation will largely be reduced. Finally the use of a sprout inhibitor did not influence the composition of the potato, and thus acrylamide formation was not susceptible to this treatment.  相似文献   

淹水土壤有机酸积累与秸秆碳氮比及氮供应的关系   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21  

单玉华  蔡祖聪  韩勇  Sarah E Johnson  Roland J Buresh 《土壤学报》2006,43(6):941-947

有机酸积累和毒害是稻田秸杆还田中受到广泛关注的问题。本文以水稻与小麦秸杆为材料，采用淹水培养研究了甲酸、乙酸、丙酸及丁酸在士壤中的积累及其与秸秆碳氮比、氮肥添加量的关系。结果表明，在不施用氮肥的情况下。随秸秆用量的增加，秸秆处理的有机酸积累均显著增多。与稻秸处理相比，麦秸处理的有机酸（尤其足丙酸）积累量显著较高，土壤溶液中NH4^＋浓度显著较低。加入尿素明显减少有机酸积累，促进CH4排放，但对CO2的排放无显著影响；氮素的影响在麦秸处理中表现的尤为明显。上述结果说明麦秸的高碳氮比增加了无机氮的生物固定，抑制有机酸向CH4转化，从而导致麦秸处理有机酸积累量高于稻秸处理。施用氮肥是减少麦秸还田后有机酸积累的有效措施之一，但此措施将可能促进CH4的排放。  相似文献   

Detection and localization of oxidized proteins in muscle cells by fluorescence microscopy     

Astruc T  Marinova P  Labas R  Gatellier P  Santé-Lhoutellier V 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(23):9554-9558

In meat, no detailed studies on the intracellular distribution of oxidized proteins during oxidative stress have been performed, to our knowledge. Therefore, we used fluorescence microscopy to detect and locate protein carbonyls, oxidation products of basic amino acids, generated in bovine M. Rectus abdominis during either exposition to a chemical free radical generating system, or refrigerated storage, or cooking. The technique consisted of an immunohistochemical detection of carbonyls by reaction with the specific probe DNPH (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) followed by the sequential addition of a first antibody against DNPH-carbonylated proteins and a CY3-labeled secondary antibody. The fluorescence of the CY3 probe increased regularly with level of free radical generating system and storage time. Moreover, an important heterogeneity of carbonyl distribution was observed, with a higher oxidation level at the periphery than inside the muscle cells. Cooking induced fluorescence increase only at the periphery of cells. Specific coloration of collagen by Sirius red showed that collagen was not involved in fluorescence. We can deduce that accumulation of oxidized proteins observed in the cell periphery was linked to membrane protein oxidation and not to connective tissue oxidation. Biochemical assays were performed in parallel on membrane and myofibrillar proteins to provide complementary quantitative data on level of oxidized proteins.  相似文献