Integration of cultural and mechanical practices for management of the mango mealybug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosicha mangiferae</Emphasis>     

Haider Karar  Ali H. Sayyed  M. Jalal Arif  M. Ashfaq  M. Aslam 《Phytoparasitica》2010,38(3):223-229

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most economically important trees which has been cultivated for several centuries. The tree is susceptible to insect damage and is attacked by leaf eaters, termites, root grubs, sapsuckers, gall formers, stem borers, pod borers and fruit borers. The mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) is one of the most destructive pests in the Indo-Pak subcontinent, sometimes causing premature fruit drop. A combination of several management strategies such as use of entomopathogens, chemical insecticides and burning of adult females has been used to control D. mangiferae. Overreliance on insecticides has eliminated natural enemies, and we were therefore interested in investigating the impact of alternative insect pest management strategies such as cultural and mechanical techniques on D. mangiferae. The results of our studies suggested that different bands significantly stopped the upward movement of overwintering and surviving populations of D. mangiferae. To augment the bands’ results, mounding the tree with debris on a plastic sheet once a year was the most effective technique and resulted in maximum reduction of the nymphal population of D. mangiferae. The newly developed Haider band—designed in our laboratory in the present studies—was very successful in the field in controlling the upward movement of newly hatched nymphs on trees: only 0.8% of the nymphs crossed the band. Only 7% to 10% of the nymphs crossed plastic sheets, polyethylene sheets and funnel bands. The cotton and gunny bag (jute) bands were the least effective: 42% of the nymphs managed to cross them. The results suggested that employing cultural practices and bands together could reduce the need for insecticide treatments and offer a sustainable method for D. mangiferae control.  相似文献   

Cross‐resistance,mode of inheritance and stability of resistance to emamectin in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)     

Sarfraz Ali Shad  Ali H Sayyed  Mushtaq A Saleem 《Pest management science》2010,66(8):839-846

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) is a cosmopolitan pest that has developed resistance to several insecticides. The aim of the present study was to establish whether an emamectin‐selected (Ema‐SEL) population could render cross‐resistance to other insecticides, and to investigate the genetics of resistance. RESULTS: Bioassays at G₁ gave resistance ratios (RRs) of 80‐, 2980‐, 3050‐ and 2800‐fold for emamectin, abamectin, indoxacarb and acetamiprid, respectively, compared with a laboratory susceptible population Lab‐PK. After three rounds of selection, resistance to emamectin in Ema‐SEL increased significantly, with RRs of 730‐fold and 13‐fold compared with the Lab‐PK and unselected (UNSEL) population respectively. Further studies revealed that three generations were required for a tenfold increase in resistance to emamectin. Resistance to abamectin, indoxacarb, acetamiprid and emamectin in UNSEL declined significantly compared with the field population at G₁. Furthermore, selection with emamectin reduced resistance to abamectin, indoxacarb and acetamiprid on a par with UNSEL. Crosses between Ema‐SEL and Lab‐PK indicated autosomal and incomplete dominance of resistance. A direct test of a monogenic model and Land's method suggested that resistance to emamectin was controlled by more than one locus. CONCLUSION: Instability of resistance and lack of cross‐resistance to other insecticides suggest that insecticides with different modes of action should be recommended to reduce emamectin selection pressure. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Economics and Employment Generation of Bamboo-Based Enterprises: A Case Study from Eastern Bangladesh     

M. Parvez Rana  Sharif Ahmed Mukul  M. Shawkat Islam Sohel  Mohammad Shaheed Hossain Chowdhury  Sayma Akhter  M. Qumruzzaman Chowdhury  Masao Koike 《Small-Scale Forestry》2010,9(1):41-51

An exploratory survey was carried out to assess economics and employment generation of the trade of bamboo and bamboo-based secondary products in the eastern Bangladesh, to obtain reliable information about their status, socio-economic significance, production and marketing. The study was undertaken over 30 bamboo-based enterprises in a suburban market of eastern Bangladesh, to investigate regional product details, economic profitability and employment opportunities. The sample entrepreneurs, corresponding to about 25% of the bamboo enterprise population were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. About 202 full and part-time workers were employed in the factories, under categories of artisan (who manufactured secondary products). The average number of worker’s in the large, medium and small factories were 9 (artisan 40%), 6.45 (artisan 35%) and 5 (artisan 25%) respectively. The study revealed that there was always a satisfied demand of skilled artisans. Most of the workers were relatively newly employed (not more than 5 years). The daily wage rate varied between 70 and 130 Tk. ($US 1 equals approximately 70 Bangladeshi Taka (Tk.), as at December 2008). Bambusa balcooa was the most utilized species (39.96%) in terms of monetary value. The price of a single B. balcooa culm in the local market was Tk. 160–210. Nine sizes of articles under seven bamboo categories were identified, these being bera (36″ × 120″ and 72″ × 96″), bookshelf (36″ × 24″), chaluni (12″ × 12″), chatai (48″ × 60″ and 36″ × 48″), jhuri, rickshaw hood and tukri. Net average profit per article was the highest for rickshaw hoods (Tk. 400 at the retailer stage). The total expected annual income for an enterprises from all articles types sold was estimated to be Tk. 85,800. Three distinct marketing channels were identified for selling bamboo and value-added secondary products. The study also generated policy implications for effective management of bamboo-based enterprises.  相似文献   

Therapeutic use of plants by local communities in and around Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary: implications for protected area management in Bangladesh     

Mohammad Shaheed Hossain Chowdhury  Masao Koike 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,80(2):241-257

Traditional systems of medicine have become a topic of global importance recently. Increased commercialization of economically important medicinal plants has resulted in overharvesting, threatening their survival. The present study was carried out to document the indigenous uses of medicinal plants by the local communities in and around Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh. Data collection was predominantly qualitative recording the species use, identifying their relative importance (RI) and assessing the informants’ consensus factor (F_ic) on associated knowledge. We interviewed 140 households of the local community and 5 local herbal practitioners. A total of 44 plant species were in use to treat 33 ailments under 10 broad disease categories. Five species were found to have high use versatility (RI > 1), Emblica officinale L. being the most versatile. Respiratory problems scored the highest F_ic value (0.56) involving the use of 30% of the species recorded. Terminalia bellerica Roxb., Sterculia villosa Roxb., Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. and Terminalia arjuna Bedd. were being harvested commercially. Use by the community, particularly for subsistence consumption, seemed to be sustainable, but commercial extraction of some species appeared unsustainable. Buffer zone-based commercial farming of medicinal plants with a commercial value could serve a dual purpose of assuring sustainable alternative income generation for local communities as well as conserving the natural resources in protected areas.  相似文献   

Towards exploration of plant-based ethno-medicinal knowledge of rural community: basis for biodiversity conservation in Bangladesh     

Mohammad Shaheed Hossain Chowdhury  Masao Koike 《New Forests》2010,40(2):243-260

Because lack of data impedes the assessment of the conservation of medicinal plants, ethno-medicinal studies are important to fill this gap. This study considered the traditional use of plants for health care by the rural communities in two forested and non-forested regions of Bangladesh. A total of 230 respondents were interviewed accompanied by field observation and voucher specimen collection. Altogether, 68 species of medicinal plants belonging to 38 families distributing over 58 genera were recorded, of which 22 species were common in both regions. Trees were the most commonly utilized growth form and leaves were the most commonly used plant part. Forests and homesteads were the major sources of medicinal plants in forested and non-forested regions, respectively. High use versatility (Relative Importance >1) was represented by 14 species; Emblica officinale L. and Allium sativum L. were the most versatile species. Forty-one individual ailments were treated with the medicinal plants recorded. The ailment categories ‘respiratory problems’ and ‘sexual problems’ received the highest score from the calculation of informants’ consensus factor (F _ic) in forested and non-forested regions, respectively. The findings could contribute in the pharmaceutical sector by directing further investigation of bio-active compounds in medicinal plants. Secondly, results could inform the clues for conservation strategies of forest resources in that region.  相似文献   

Bacillary hemoglobinuria in Japanese black cattle in Hiroshima, Japan: a case study     

Shinozuka Y  Yamato O  Hossain MA  Higaki T  Ishikawa I  Ichiba S  Takagi M 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(2):255-258

Three Japanese Black cows housed with 6 other cows exhibited main clinical symptoms of severe hemoglobinuria. Hematological analyses conducted after antibiotic therapy demonstrated severe anemia, and biochemical analyses indicated both severe hemolysis and disruption of hepatic function. One of the three cows died. Based on the above analyses and observation of typical clinical symptoms, a speculative diagnosis of bacillary hemoglobinuria was made, and immediate high-dose antibiotic treatment improved the general conditions of the surviving animals. Blood samples from the other 2 cows were collected sequentially after antibacterial therapy. Clostridium haemolyticum was detected by a nested polymerase chain reaction analysis of the blood samples. The cows were diagnosed with the second recorded occurrence of bacillary hemoglobinuria in Japan.  相似文献   

Abstracts of nippon Dozyohiryogaku Zasshi     

A.K.M. Zakir Hossain  M. Alamgir Hossain  Hiroyuki Koyama  Tetsuo Hara 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):189-199

Aluminum toxicity and boron deficiency are the major factors that limit plant growth and development in acid soils and in B-deficient soils. Root growth inhibition is an early symptom of AI toxicity and B deficiency. Effects of AI and B supply and their interaction on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were investigated using hydroponics. Fifteen wheat cultivars commonly grown in Bangladesh were used and found to differ considerably in their tolerance to AI toxicity and B deficiency. The relative root length of all the wheat cultivars at 50 µM AI (pH 4.5) ranged from 27 to 71% relative to the control (0 µM AI). Among the cultivars, Inia66 and Kalyansona were found to be the most Al-tolerant and sensitive cultivars, respectively, based on the data of relative root length, malate exudation and AI content of roots. Malate was detected in all the cultivars in the presence of 100 µM AI (pH 4.3). Inia66 exuded a 6-fold larger amount of malate and the AI content of roots was 4 times lower than that in Kalyansona. The vigorous seedling growth was observed at 40 µM B among the series of B treatments. Considerable cultivar differences in response to 40 µM B were observed among the 15 cultivars. Kalyansona was considered to be the most sensitive and Kheri the most tolerant to B deficiency. The interaction effects of B ( 40 and 200 µM) and AI (50 µM) on seedling growth were also examined in Inia66 and Kalyansona. Root growth was inhibited in the presence of Al but B supply especially at 200 µM B in the Kalyansona cultivar caused a slight improvement.  相似文献   

New insights into virus yellows distribution in Europe and effects of beet yellows virus,beet mild yellowing virus,and beet chlorosis virus on sugar beet yield following field inoculation     

Roxana Hossain  Wulf Menzel  Celin Lachmann  Mark Varrelmann 《Plant pathology》2021,70(3):584-593

Beet yellows virus (BYV), beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), beet chlorosis virus (BChV), and beet mosaic virus (BtMV) cause virus yellows (VY) disease in sugar beet. The main virus vector is the aphid Myzus persicae. Due to efficient vector control by neonicotinoid seed treatment over the last decades, there is no current knowledge regarding virus species distribution. Therefore, Europe-wide virus monitoring was carried out from 2017 to 2019, where neonicotinoids were banned in 2019. The monitoring showed that closterovirus BYV is currently widely spread in northern Europe. The poleroviruses BMYV and BChV were most frequently detected in the northern and western regions. The potyvirus BtMV was only sporadically detected. To study virus infestation and influence on yield, viruses were transmitted to sugar beet plants using viruliferous M. persicae in quadruplicate field plots with 10% inoculation density simulating natural infection. A plant-to-plant virus spread was observed within 4 weeks. A nearly complete infection of all plants was observed in all treatments at harvest. In accordance with these findings, a significant yield reduction was caused by BMYV and BChV (−23% and −24%) and only a moderate reduction in yield was observed for BYV (−10%). This study showed that inoculation at low densities mimics natural infection, and quick spreading induced representative yield effects. Within the background of a post-neonicotinoid era, this provides the basis to screen sugar beet genotypes for the selection of virus tolerance/resistance and to test the effectiveness of insecticides for the control of M. persicae with a manageable workload.  相似文献   

Adoption of leaf color chart for nitrogen use efficiency in rice: Impact assessment of a farmer-participatory experiment in West Bengal,India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zahirul Islam  Bhanudeb Bagchi  Mahabub Hossain 《Field Crops Research》2007

Unbalanced and excessive use of N-fertilizers causes environmental pollution, lodging of plants and increased pest pressure, in addition to increased cost to farmers from excessively applied fertilizers and pesticides. N application at the right time and in right amount is critical for healthy plant and environment. Rice leaf color intensity is directly related to leaf chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen status. The concept for the use of leaf color as an indicator to apply N in rice was crystallized during 1990s. The International Rice Research Institute and the Philippine Rice Research Institute developed a leaf color chart (LCC) that helps guide farmers for real-time nitrogen management in rice farming. The technology is inexpensive, and easily affordable by most resource poor rice farmers. In 2003 we initiated a farmer-participatory research to validate real-time N management in rice by the use of LCC in West Bengal state of India. After 3 years of validation research, a survey was conducted to assess the adoption and impact of LCC. The survey was conducted in both intervention and adjacent control villages and data were collected from 20% farm households selected randomly. In this paper, we report findings of the study on the determinants of adoption of LCC, and its effect on fertilizer and pesticides use.  相似文献   

Evaluation of clinical examination for differential diagnosis of lameness by navicular apparatus or heel pain in horses     

Sardari K  Kazemi H 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2008,11(13):1754-1756

To evaluation of clinical examination for differential diagnosis of navicular region pain from other forms of palmar heel pain in the forelimb in horses the present study was undertaken. Thirty four horses with lameness referable to the palmar aspect of the hoof based on their response to the palmar digital nerves analgesia were divided into 2 groups based on their response to both distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa analgesia. Horses that were profoundly improved by both analgesic blocks (distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa) were considered to have navicular region pain whereas, all other horses were considered to have other cause of palmar heel pain. The responses to various diagnostic tests such as hoof tester, distal limb flexion and toe wedge tests were compared between the groups. For all diagnostic tests, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values for navicular pain were calculated. According to the present study the single most accurate diagnostic test was analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint for navicular region pain.  相似文献