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151.
David Ezra Tammy Kroitor Avraham Sadowsky 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(2):183-191
Mal secco disease of citrus caused by Phoma tracheiphila is a devastating disease in the Mediterranean basin. Susceptible citrus species include lemon, citron, lime and others. Trees
attacked by the fungus show characteristic symptoms; the smallest twigs die first, followed by the larger branches. Eventually,
the whole tree is killed. The symptoms are clear in the orchards but by the time they are visible the disease is already well
established. The need for a sensitive, reliable and rapid diagnostic method for the early identification of the fungus in
trees and fruit exists. We have developed a PCR-based method for the identification of P. tracheiphila from plant tissues including fruit. Any such method must take into account the genetic variability in the pathogen population.
Molecular methods were used to compare different isolates of P. tracheiphila. This study found no significant differences between different isolates from different citrus species from different parts
of Israel. 相似文献
152.
Toshiyuki Usami Shu Ishigaki Hiroko Takashina Yuko Matsubara Yoshimiki Amemiya 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(2):89-95
Japanese isolates of Verticillium dahliae, a causal agent of wilt disease in many plants, are classifiable into pathotypes based on their pathogenicity. Because these
pathotypes are morphologically indistinguishable, establishing a rapid identification method is very important for the control
of this pathogen in Japan. For cloning DNA fragments that are useful for identification and specific detection of V. dahliae pathotypes, we performed random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses using various isolates. One polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) product, E10-U48, was specific to isolates pathogenic to sweet pepper. The other product, B68-TV, was specific to race
1 of isolates pathogenic to tomato. The specificity of these sequences was confirmed by genomic Southern hybridization. Further
analyses revealed that the region peripheral to B68-TV obtained from the genomic DNA library includes the sequence specific
to all isolates pathogenic to tomato (races 1 and 2). Moreover, sequence tagged site (STS) primers designed from B68-TV and
its peripheral region showed race-specific and pathotype-specific amplification in a PCR assay. The probes and primers obtained
in this study are likely to be useful tools for the identification and specific detection of pathotypes and races of V. dahliae.
The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession number AB095266. 相似文献
153.
We investigated the validity and efficiency of a survey using sight per unit effort (SPUE) of sika deer and shrub-layer decline
rank (SDR), which is an index of decline in the physical structure of a whole stand caused by sika deer, based on data collected
on a broad scale. This survey was to be used to manage a deer population in order to conserve a forest ecosystem. First, we
evaluated the spatial and temporal scales of deer density that are most appropriate for predicting decline in the status of
understory vegetation. The model with SPUE calculated in a buffer with a radius of 4.5 km using data for the past 4 years
was found to be the best. We showed that our knowledge of the relationship between deer density and status of shrub-layer
vegetation is improved by identifying the most suitable spatial and temporal scales of SPUE for predicting SDR. Next, we quantified
the effects of SPUE and environmental components on SDR in stands. We found that SPUE had the greatest effect on SDR among
all explanatory variables. Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) was large in a model that only used SPUE (AUC = 0.718).
This result suggests that the variation in SDR among stands was explained well by SPUE regardless of differences in the forest
environment. Furthermore, we identified the effective values of SPUE for preventing shrub-layer vegetation from declining
through deer density control. We conclude that a management system based on SPUE and SDR is a simple and valid method for
managing deer populations in order to conserve forest ecosystems. 相似文献
154.
155.
Soil N mineralization is affected by microbial biomass and respiration, which are limited by available C and N. To examine
the relationship between C and N for soil microbial dynamics and N dynamics, we conducted long-term laboratory incubation
(150 days) after C and N amendment and measured changes in C and N mineralization, microbial biomass C, and dissolved C and
N throughout the incubation period. The study soil was volcanic immature soil from the southern part of Japan, which contains
lower C and N compared with other Japanese forest soils. Despite this, the area is covered by well-developed natural and plantation
forests. Carbon amendment resulted in an increase in both microbial biomass and respiration, and net N mineralization decreased,
probably due to increasing microbial immobilization. In contrast, N amendment resulted in a decrease in microbial respiration
and an increase in net N mineralization, possibly due to decreased immobilization by microbes. Amendment of both C and N simultaneously
did not affect microbial biomass and respiration, although net N mineralization was slightly increased. The results suggested
that inhibitory effect on microbial respiration by N amendment should be reduced if carbon availability is higher. Thus, soil
available C may limit microbial biomass and respiration in this volcanic immature soil. Even in immature soil where C and
N substrate is low, soil C, such as plant root exudates and materials from above- and belowground dead organisms, might help
to maintain microbial activity and N mineralization in this study site. 相似文献
156.
157.
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159.
ZiMin Hu FuLi Liu ZhanRu Shao JianTing Yao DeLin Duan 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2010,57(5):791-799
Unraveling the cryptic genetic diversity and selective breeding network in various Porphyra strains is of significance for conservation and utilization of economically important nori crops, for both current and future
needs. Here, we used nuclear ribosomal spacer (ITS1) region to investigate the genetic variation and intra-specific relatedness
of 59 Porphyra yezoensis Ueda specimens worldwide using phylogenetic and parsimony genealogical approaches. 23 nrDNA ITS1 genotypes were revealed
and clustering analysis grouped them into two distinct clades. High genetic diversity was detected in wild P. yezoensis strains from Miyagi and Hokkaido Prefectures in Japan, while the cultivated strains from China and South Korea exhibited
relatively higher genetic diversity likewise, which provided crucial genetic insights for future commercial breeding of P. yezoensis on a global scale. In addition, phylogenetic study has revealed the genetic relationship of strains with unknown parentage
to those with known parentage, and also ITS1 sequence pattern could be correlated with the geographic origin of P. yezoensis specimens. All these pedigree information generated from this research can be used to select parents for inter-specific or
intra-specific selective breeding and cross breeding to maximize the preservation of stock resource and sustainable development
of nori industry. 相似文献
160.
Xiaoliang Xiang Shuju Ning Xia Jiang Xiaogui Gong Renlei Zhu Lanfang Zhu Daozhi Wei 《Frontiers of Agriculture in China》2010,4(4):416-421
An efficient protein extraction method for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) from plant samples is usually challenging
due to the low protein content and high level of interfering compounds. Proteomic analyses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots are limited by the lack of an efficient protein extraction method. To establish an effective protocol of protein
extraction suitable for 2-DE analysis in rice roots, we evaluated three protein extraction methods (trichloroacetic acid [TCA]/acetone,
Mg/NP-40/TCA, and tris-base/acetone). Our results showed that the Mg/NP-40/TCA extraction method had the highest protein yield
and is the best resolution of protein separation among the three methods. The TCA/acetone method exhibited clear protein profiles
and detected more protein spots with the highest intensity in the region of high Mr (above 45 kDa) than the other methods.
However, this method was unable to detect proteins with low-Mr (less than 24.0 kDa). The Tris-base/acetone method showed the
poorest resolution of protein separation. Our results suggest that the Mg/NP-40/TCA method was the most effective among the
three methods and may provide enhanced proteomic information for rice and other crop roots. 相似文献