Studies on amino acids generated from rape seed cake in the soil     

Takashi Yamashita  Tatsushi Akiya 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):225-230

Among the several kinds of seed cakes, the cake made from rape seeds has been most widely employed for tobacco cultivation. Numerous investigations have been conducted by many workers, on the mineralization of organic nitrogen in rape seed cake applied to the soil and on the absorption of inorganic nitrogen degraded from the seed cake in soil by tobacco plants (8,9). However, little has been known about the organic nitrogen compounds which are generated through the process of decomposition of the seed cake. Recently, it has been believed that the plant roots are able to absorb the organic nitrogen compounds such as amino acids (10,11, 12). Therefore, it is considered that these organic nitrogen compounds produced by mineralization of the seed cake applied to the soil would have some effects upon the yield and quality of some crops such as tobacco plant with their physiological effects on plants. This paper deals with the changes in amino acids produced by the mineralization of rape seed cake in the soil.  相似文献   

Significance of litter layer in enhancing mesofaunal abundance and microbial biomass nitrogen in sweet corn-white clover living mulch systems     

S. Kaneda  S. Miura  N. Yamashita  K. Ohigashi  S. Yamasaki  T. Murakami 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):424-434

Living mulch is a type of sustainable farming system that consists of cover crops planted either before or with a main crop; a living mulch is maintained as a living ground cover throughout the growing season of the main crop. Microbial biomass and abundance of mesofauna (microarthropods and enchytraeids) are important soil biological parameters in relation to soil function, plant productivity, and nutrient cycling; however, the effects of living mulch on these parameters are not fully understood. In this study we examined the effects of living mulch treatment with nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40, 160, or 200?kg?ha^?1) on the abundance of soil microarthropods (Oribatida, Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, and Collembola) and the effects of living mulch treatment on the dynamics of the soil biota (mesofauna, microarthropods, enchytraeids, and microbial biomass nitrogen) from spring to autumn. Our results showed that living mulch treatment significantly (p?p?相似文献   

Differences in lamina joint anatomy cause cultivar differences in leaf inclination angle of rice     

Nan Su San  Masahiro Yamashita  Shunsuke Adachi  Takanari Tanabata  Taiichiro Ookawa 《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):302-310

ABSTRACT

Leaf erectness is an important agronomic trait for improving canopy photosynthesis in rice. It is well known that leaf inclination angle (LIA) decreases after expansion during ripening. However, the high-yielding indica cultivar ‘Takanari’ retains a greater LIA during ripening than the high-quality japonica cultivar ‘Koshihikari’. To clarify the cause of the cultivar difference in LIA, we investigated anatomical characteristics of the lamina joint of a flag leaf. We found a close linear correlation between LIA at the centre and at the base of the leaf blade in both cultivars during ripening. The length of the lamina joint increased significantly more on the adaxial side of a leaf (the margin of the collar) than on the abaxial side (the abaxial side of the central part of the collar) in ‘Koshihikari’ after leaf expansion, but there was no clear difference in ‘Takanari’. We found a close linear correlation between the ratio of lamina joint length on the adaxial to abaxial sides and LIA in ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘Takanari’ during ripening. In ‘Koshihikari’, the average length of cells on the adaxial side increased significantly after leaf expansion, with no significant increase in that on the abaxial side and no significant change in cell number on either side. In ‘Takanari’, cell length and cell number showed no significant changes on either side of the lamina joint. We conclude that the cultivar difference in LIA during ripening is caused mainly by cell elongation on the adaxial side of the lamina joint.

List of Abbreviations: k: light extinction coefficient; LIA: leaf inclination angle; QTL: quantitative trait locus  相似文献   

Genetic variations within Symbiodinium clade C among zooxanthellate corals (Scleractinia) in the temperate zone of Japan     

Yi-Ting Lien  Hironobu Fukami  Yoh Yamashita 《Fisheries Science》2013,79(4):579-591

In a recent study most of the temperate-living corals were found to harbor stress-sensitive Symbiodinium clade C, which is common in the tropical zone. In this study, we investigated the genetic variations within Symbiodinium clade C among corals living in temperate waters of Japan (17 genera; 26 species) using rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) to clarify the genetic differences between climatic zones. We also focused on two widespread coral species, Acropora hyacinthus and Pocillopora damicornis, to compare the genetic differences of Symbiodinium clade C between subtropical and temperate regions. We found multiple haplotypes of Symbiodinium ITSs in clade C, which formed nine subclades. Our data indicate that five genera (Acropora, Cyphastrea, Stylocoeniella, Porites, Pocillopora) contained host-specific Symbiodinium, while members of the family Faviidae and others contained several Symbiodinium ITS haplotypes from two or three subclades. A comparative analysis using Acropora and Pocillopora also revealed that the temperate zone coral population formed a single subclade of Symbiodinium clade C that was genetically isolated from those of subtropical populations. In summary, the majority of corals living in temperate waters of Japan, such as faviid corals, have several ITS haplotypes which possibly are utilized as an opportunistic survival strategy under severe environmental conditions, whereas Acropora and Pocillopora at the very least harbor temperate zone-specific Symbiodinium.  相似文献   

Occurrence and distribution of settling and newly settled spotted halibut Verasper variegatus and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in shallow nursery grounds around Shimabara Peninsula, western Japan     

Toshihiro Wada  Naoki Mitsunaga  Keita W. Suzuki  Yoh Yamashita  Masaru Tanaka 《Fisheries Science》2012,78(4):819-831

The occurrence and distribution of settling and settled spotted halibut Verasper variegatus were compared with those of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in shallow habitats around Shimabara Peninsula, western Japan, to elucidate the settlement and recruitment characteristics of spotted halibut, a rare pleuronectid flatfish in Japan. Push-net sampling conducted at nine sites in March and April 2003 collected spotted halibut from four nurseries located at eastern areas of Shimabara Peninsula in Ariake Bay; Japanese flounder were sampled from eight nurseries. Comparison of microhabitat distributions in a tidal-flat nursery during February?CApril in 2003?C2007 revealed that metamorphosing larvae and juveniles of spotted halibut, which showed the drastic body coloration (black to brown) and behavioral changes (frequent swimming to settlement), were distributed mainly in the lower edge of the intertidal area, whereas Japanese flounder inhabited both intertidal and subtidal areas. Metamorphosing larvae of spotted halibut (12.6?C16.5?mm standard length; n?=?24) were collected in March when the highest densities were observed, whereas metamorphosing larvae of Japanese flounder (10.0?C15.9?mm, n?=?55) were observed during March?CApril. Our results suggest that spotted halibut has a narrower time/space window for recruitment to the specific nurseries compared with Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

Naturally occurring triploid hybrids between Miscanthus sacchariflorus and M. sinensis in Southern Japan,show phenotypic variation in agronomic and morphological traits     

Naohiro Uwatoko  Ken-ichi Tamura  Hiroshi Yamashita  Mitsuru Gau 《Euphytica》2016,212(3):355-370

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Non‐target site SDHI resistance is present as standing genetic variation in field populations of Zymoseptoria tritici          下载免费PDF全文

Masao Yamashita  Bart Fraaije 《Pest management science》2018,74(3):672-681

BACKGROUND

A new generation of more active succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) inhibitors (SDHIs) is currently widely used to control Septoria leaf blotch in northwest Europe. Detailed studies were conducted on Zymoseptoria tritici field isolates with reduced sensitivity to fluopyram and isofetamid; SDHIs which have only just or not been introduced for cereal disease control, respectively.

RESULTS

Strong cross‐resistance between fluopyram and isofetamid, but not with other SDHIs, was confirmed through sensitivity tests using laboratory mutants and field isolates with and without Sdh mutations. The sensitivity profiles of most field isolates resistant to fluopyram and isofetamid were very similar to a lab mutant carrying SdhC‐A84V, but no alterations were found in SdhB, C and D. Inhibition of mitochondrial Sdh enzyme activity and control efficacy in planta for those isolates was severely impaired by fluopyram and isofetamid, but not by bixafen. Isolates with similar phenotypes were not only detected in northwest Europe but also in New Zealand before the widely use of SDHIs.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report of SDHI‐specific non‐target site resistance in Z. tritici. Monitoring studies show that this resistance mechanism is present and can be selected from standing genetic variation in field populations. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

Improved physical control of glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) on rice paddy levees in Japan          下载免费PDF全文

Valentina Dwi Suci Handayani  Yuki Tanno  Masayuki Yamashita  Hiroyuki Tobina  Minoru Ichihara  Yoshiki Ishida  Hitoshi Sawada 《Weed Biology and Management》2017,17(2):77-83

Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a non‐native annual winter grass that has seriously infested rice paddy levees and wheat fields in Japan. Recently, glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass was found on paddy levees in central Japan, thereby making control of the grass by using glyphosate less effective. In this study, physical control methods were tested that combined the timing and frequency of mowing in order to more effectively control glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass on rice paddy levees. A 3 year field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 in a western region of Shizuoka Prefecture, where glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass has become dominant. Five treatments were tested: (i) mowing once before the flowering of the grass (i.e. conventional mowing measure); (ii) mowing once during flowering; (iii) mowing twice during flowering; (iv) glyphosate application before flowering (i.e. one of the conventional mowing measures); and (v) no treatment. The above‐ground biomass, seed production, soil seed bank and seedling occurrence of Italian ryegrass were measured to determine the effectiveness of these treatments. Mowing during the flowering period resulted in reduced above‐ground biomass, seed production and soil seed bank when compared with the other treatments. Additionally, mowing twice during the flowering period resulted in a lower seedling density than mowing once. The results suggest that, in this region, physical control by mowing during the flowering period would be more effective than conventional measures for controlling glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass.  相似文献   

Comparison between indocyanine green angiography and fluorescein angiography in normal cats          下载免费PDF全文

Miri Hayashi  Seiya Maehara  Yosuke Ito  Kazuto Yamashita  Akira Kubo  Tetsuya Nakade 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2017,20(4):310-315

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Inheritance mode of male sterility in bunching onion (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium fistulosum</Emphasis> L.) accessions     

Ken-ichiro Yamashita  Hikaru Tsukazaki  Akio Kojima  Takayoshi Ohara  Tadayuki Wako 《Euphytica》2010,173(3):357-367

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an indispensable trait for F₁ hybrid seed production in bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Expansion of the cytoplasmic diversity of F₁ hybrid cultivars by introduction of various CMS resources has great potential to eliminate vulnerability to cytoplasm type-specific diseases. This study aimed to evaluate appearance frequency of male sterile plants in several bunching onion accessions and to identify CMS resources. In eight (‘Nogiwa Aigara’, ‘Bansei Hanegi’, ‘Amarume’, ‘Kimnung’, ‘Zhangqiu’, ‘INT/CHN/1990/GOTOU’, ‘Natsunegi’ and ‘Guangzhou’) of 135 accessions collected from Japan, China, Mongolia, Korea and Taiwan, male sterile plants appeared with varied frequencies from 1.7% (‘Nogiwa Aigara’ and ‘Bansei Hanegi’) to 24.5% (‘Zhangqiu’). The inheritance mode of Zhangqiu- and Guangzhou-derived male sterility was confirmed to be CMS by sib-crossings and interbreed crossings. Microscopic examination of microsporogenesis in the CMS plants revealed that microspore protoplasm rapidly degenerated without mitotic division after the release of microspores from tetrads. The CMS germplasm described here would be useful for the development of “A” lines to be used in F₁ hybrid seed production of bunching onion. Male fertility in ‘Nogiwa Aigara’, ‘Bansei Hanegi’, ‘Kimnung’, ‘INT/CHN/1990/GOTOU’ and ‘Natsunegi’ was verified to be controlled by a single fertility restoration locus.  相似文献