Technology generation to dissemination: lessons learned from the tef improvement project     

Gina Cannarozzi  Solomon Chanyalew  Kebebew Assefa  Abate Bekele  Regula Blösch  Annett Weichert  Dominik Klauser  Sonia Plaza-Wüthrich  Korinna Esfeld  Moritz Jöst  Abiel Rindisbacher  Habte Jifar  Victoria Johnson-Chadwick  Ermias Abate  Wuyan Wang  Rizqah Kamies  Negussu Husein  Worku Kebede  Kidist Tolosa  Yazachew Genet  Kidu Gebremeskel  Brikti Ferede  Firew Mekbib  Federico Martinelli  Hans Christian Pedersen  Suhail Rafudeen  Shimelis Hussein  Muluneh Tamiru  Naomi Nakayama  Mike Robinson  Ian Barker  Samuel Zeeman  Zerihun Tadele 《Euphytica》2018,214(2):31

Indigenous crops also known as orphan crops are key contributors to food security, which is becoming increasingly vulnerable with the current trend of population growth and climate change. They have the major advantage that they fit well into the general socio-economic and ecological context of developing world agriculture. However, most indigenous crops did not benefit from the Green Revolution, which dramatically increased the yield of major crops such as wheat and rice. Here, we describe the Tef Improvement Project, which employs both conventional- and molecular-breeding techniques to improve tef—an orphan crop important to the food security in the Horn of Africa, a region of the world with recurring devastating famines. We have established an efficient pipeline to bring improved tef lines from the laboratory to the farmers of Ethiopia. Of critical importance to the long-term success of this project is the cooperation among participants in Ethiopia and Switzerland, including donors, policy makers, research institutions, and farmers. Together, European and African scientists have developed a pipeline using breeding and genomic tools to improve the orphan crop tef and bring new cultivars to the farmers in Ethiopia. We highlight a new variety, Tesfa, developed in this pipeline and possessing a novel and desirable combination of traits. Tesfa’s recent approval for release illustrates the success of the project and marks a milestone as it is the first variety (of many in the pipeline) to be released.  相似文献   

Effect of primary inoculum sources of bean common bacterial blight on early epidemics,seed yield and quality aspects     

C. Fininsa  T. Tefera 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):221-225

Rainfed wetland rice (RWR) had more species in common with irrigated wetland than dryland rice agroecosystems. Across ecosystems, higher pest densities and losses were recorded in RWR sites. We hypothesise that under low pressure from natural enemies, vegetative stage losses became particularly high due the combination of whorl maggot and caseworm damage combined with the physiological stress of transplanting shock. Both of these pest groups benefited from an expanded vegetative period common in RWR agroecosystems. Losses in older rice were probably due to stemborers. RWR is more prone to an array of physiological stresses than irrigated rice that we believe minimises crop compensation to accentuate insect losses. Chemical control is uneconomical mainly due to the low yield potential of RWR and the poor efficacy of applied insecticide.  相似文献   

Mapping genes for double podding and other morphological traits in chickpea   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Seungho Cho  Jagdish Kumar  Jeff L. Shultz  K. Anupama  F. Tefera  Fred J. Muehlbauer 《Euphytica》2002,128(2):285-292

Seed traits are important considerations for improving yield and product quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The purpose of this study was to construct an intraspecific genetic linkage map and determine map positions of genes that confer double podding and seed traits using a population of 76 F₁₀ derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross of ‘ICCV-2’ (large seeds and single pods) × ‘JG-62’ (small seeds and double podded). We used 55 sequence-tagged microsatellite sites (STMS), 20 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), 3inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and 2 phenotypic markers to develop a genetic map that comprised 14 linkage groups covering297.5 cM. The gene for double podding (s) was mapped to linkage group 6 and linked to Tr44 and Tr35 at a distance of7.8 cM and 11.5 cM, respectively. The major gene for pigmentation, C, was mapped to linkage group 8 and was loosely linked to Tr33 at a distance of 13.5 cM. Four QTLs for 100 seed weight (located on LG4 and LG9), seed number plant^-1 (LG4), days to 50% flower (LG3) were identified. This intraspecific map of cultivated chickpea is the first that includes genes for important morphological traits. Synteny relationships among STMS markers appeared to be conserved on six linkage groups when our map was compared to the interspecific map presented by Winter et al. (2000). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Qualitative trait variation in Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] germplasm from Western and Southern Ethiopia     

Kebebew Assefa  Arnulf Merker  Hailu Tefera 《Euphytica》2002,127(3):399-410

Three thousand tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] single panicle derived lines representing 60 populations from western and southern parts of Ethiopia were characterized for panicle form, pigmentation of lemma and anther, caryopsis color, number of main shoot culm internodes, and counts of florets/spikelet at the basal, middle and apical parts of the panicle at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center during the 1999 main season. The objectives were to assess the diversity patterns of the germplasm with respect to regions and altitude zones. Among the eight characters, high Shannon-Weaver diversity indices (H’) were noted for anther color (0.71) and number of apical spikelet florets (0.68), and the lowest occurred for panicle form (0.40). Monomorphism (H’ = 0.00) was observed for panicle form, lemma color and number of middle spikelet florets each in three different populations. The overall diversity index for all populations was 0.53. In the analysis of variance of H’ estimates, substantial (p <0.05) regional differences were obtained for lemma color, number of culm internodes, and counts of middle and basal spikelet florets. Clinal variation was significant for panicle form, lemma and seed color, and for the overall mean of traits. Over all traits, mean H’ values declined from 0.60 to 0.46 with an increase in the altitude zone of origin from below 1800 to over 2400 meters above sea level. Overall, the study showed substantial diversity in the test tef germplasm. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Genetics of grain yield and other agronomic characters in t'ef (Eragrostis tef Zucc Trotter). II. The triple test cross     

Hailu Tefera  W.E. Peat 《Euphytica》1997,96(2):193-202

The normal and selfed families of the triple test cross were employed to detect gene action in t'ef for grain yield and other useful agronomic characters in the breeding programme. Cultivars Kay Murri and Fesho were used as L₁ and L₂ testers, respectively. Eight randomly selected cultivars and two released varieties (DZ-01-354 and DZ-01-196) were crossed with the testers L₁, L₂ and L₃ (the F₁ of L₁ × L₂). In the case of the selfed families, 14 cultivars and two released varieties were used for crossing with the testers. The normal families were grown on an Inceptisol developed from volcanic ash whilst the selfed families were grown on a pellic Vertisol at the Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre, Ethiopia. The rainfall during the experimental season was 463 mm. Epistasis was detected for grain yield, yield per panicle, panicle weight, plant weight, harvest index, tiller number, panicle length, culm diameter, days to heading and days to maturity in the normal families of the triple test cross (TTC) of t'ef. Similarly the characters grain yield, yield per panicle, panicle weight, plant height, panicle length, days to heading and days to maturity showed epistasis in the selfed families of the TTC. Epistatic interaction was not important for shoot biomass and for harvest index (for the transformed data) in this family. Therefore, both the normal and selfed families of the TTC were in agreement with regard to detecting epistasis for grain yield, yield per panicle, panicle weight, panicle length, days to heading and days to maturity. Significant additive (D) and dominance (H) components were estimated for the characters in both families, although the magnitudes might have been inflated due to epistasis. The dominance component for panicle length was unimportant in both families of the TTC and as a result the additive components were not biased. In general, the additive, dominance and epistatic components were important in t'ef. Since the crop is self-fertilized only the additive and additive × additive terms are important to develop pure breeding varieties. Therefore, selection for superior segregants should start in advanced generations as homozygosity increases. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

A cluster-randomised controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of different knowledge-transfer interventions for rural working equid users in Ethiopia     

Stringer AP  Bell CE  Christley RM  Gebreab F  Tefera G  Reed K  Trawford A  Pinchbeck GL 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2011,100(2):90-99

There have been few studies evaluating the efficacy of knowledge-transfer methods for livestock owners in developing countries, and to the authors' knowledge no published work is available that evaluates the effect of knowledge-transfer interventions on the education of working equid users. A cluster-randomised controlled trial (c-RCT) was used to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of three knowledge-transfer interventions on knowledge-change about equid health amongst rural Ethiopian working equid users. Groups were exposed to either; an audio programme, a village meeting or a diagrammatic handout, all of which addressed identical learning objectives, and were compared to a control group which received no intervention. Thirty-two villages were randomly selected and interventions randomly assigned. All participants in a village received the same intervention. Knowledge levels were assessed by questionnaire administration. Data analysis included comparison of baseline data between intervention groups followed by multilevel linear regression models (allowing for clustering of individuals within village) to evaluate the change in knowledge between the different knowledge-transfer interventions. A total of 516 randomly selected participants completed the pre-intervention questionnaire, 504 of whom undertook the post-dissemination questionnaire, a follow up response rate of 98%. All interventions significantly improved the overall 'change in knowledge' score on the questionnaire compared to the control, with the diagrammatic handout (coefficient (coef) 9.5, S.E.=0.6) and the village meeting (coef 9.7, S.E.=0.6) having a significantly greater impact than the audio programme (coef 4.8, S.E.=0.6). Covariates that were different at baseline, and which were also significant in the final model, were age and pre-intervention score. Although they had a minimal effect on the intervention coefficients there was a significant interaction between age and intervention. This study should aid the design of education materials for adult learning for working equid users and other groups in developing countries.  相似文献   

Small ruminant brucellosis and community perception in Jijiga District,Somali Regional State,Eastern Ethiopia     

Bekele M  Mohammed H  Tefera M  Tolosa T 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(4):893-898

A cross-sectional study of brucellosis in small ruminants was carried out from October 2008 to March 2009 in Jijiga District, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Seven hundred thirty sera samples (421 of sheep and 309 of goats) were randomly collected from purposively selected villages of the study area. Structured questionnaire format was developed, pre-tested and administered to assess the perception of the community pertaining to brucellosis in sheep and goats. Sera samples were screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), and all samples tested positive by the RBPT were subjected to Complement Fixation Test (CFT) for confirmation. Of 12 serum samples that were positive by RBPT, 11 were positive by CFT. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the species as well as the sex groups (P > 0.05); however, the variation between the age groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Analysis of the questionnaire survey suggests that improper handling of aborted materials, consumption of raw milk, and lack of awareness about the disease, among others, might greatly contribute to further spread of brucellosis in their livestock and exposes the community to a public health hazard. In general, the sero-prevalence in the study area was not so high; nevertheless, appropriate brucellosis control and prevention methods should be implemented to circumvent future potential for economic losses and the public health hazard of the disease.  相似文献   

The rice genome and the minor grains     

Goodman RM  Naylor R  Tefera H  Nelson R  Falcon W 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5574):1801

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Water‐retention capability as a selection criteria for drought resistance in wheat     

Tadele Work 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):2105-2109

Four durum wheat cultlvars (Triticum turgidum spp. durum Desf.) from different countries of origin (Austria, Ethiopia, and Italy) were investigated. Plants were grown in pots under glasshouse conditions. Immediately after the full development of the flag leaves, these leaves were detached for the screening. Distinct differences in water‐retention capabilty among the cultivars was observed. The drought‐resistant (hardy) types, Valgerardo and Boohai, showed better water retention capabilty than the drought‐sensitive ones, such as DZ‐04–688. Poor yielding cultivars under field conditions were also found to be poor in water‐retention capability and vice versa. The applied method is simple and inexpensive. It adds another procedure when screening for drought resistance. However, it needs further confirmation by cultivars covering a broader range of genetic diversity.  相似文献   

Sero-prevalence and risk factors study of brucellosis in small ruminants in Southern Zone of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Teshale Teklue  Tadele Tolosa  Getachew Tuli  Belay Beyene  Birhanu Hailu 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(8):1809-1815

This study reports a prevalence and risk factor survey of brucellosis in small ruminants in Southern Zone of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia between October 2011 and April 2012 to determine the sero-prevalence of small-ruminant brucellosis and to identify associated risk factors for the occurrence of disease in small ruminants under extensive production system. Multistage random sampling was followed to select locations, flocks, and individual animals. Laboratory analysis of serum samples provided sero-prevalence estimates for flocks and geographic location. Information on risk factors at the individual and flock level was obtained by examination of individual animal and a questionnaire interview to flock owners. The overall individual animal-level sero-prevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants was 3.5 % and flock level sero-prevalence was 28.3 %, and the within-flock sero-prevalence was ranged from 0 % to 22.2 % based on the Complement Fixation Test. Multivariable logistic regression showed that the major risk factors for flock level sero-positivity were flock size and abortion history. This study showed that small-ruminant brucellosis is prevalent in the study area. Larger flock size and history of previous abortion in the flock were major risk factors identified for sero-positivity of small-ruminant brucellosis.  相似文献