Resources,population and migration in the Pacific: Connecting islands and rim     

Brian Opeskin  Therese MacDermott 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2009,50(3):353-373

This article examines international migration in the Pacific and argues that there should be still greater opportunities for the people of Pacific countries to migrate between their home states and the developed states of the Pacific Rim. The case for borders that are more permeable to human migration is based in part on the common Pacific predicament of poor resource endowments, rapidly growing populations, depletion and degradation of existing resources, and threats posed by anthropogenic climate change. Coupled with this is a history of colonisation that has left some Pacific peoples with liberal access to economic opportunities in developed states by virtue of their citizenship or preferential visa status, while others have no such opportunities. Both New Zealand and the United States have been reasonably generous in facilitating migration from Polynesia and Micronesia. It is Australia that stands out as the Pacific neighbour with the greatest capacity to develop new migration streams. The seasonal worker scheme announced by the Australian Government in August 2008 takes a cautious but valuable step along this path, yet there is scope for further expanding Pacific access by broadening the geographical, temporal and material scope of existing migration arrangements.  相似文献   

Combined nitrogen input from legume residues and fertilizer improves early nitrogen supply and uptake by wheat     

Pilar Muschietti-Piana  Therese M. McBeath  Ann M. McNeill  Pablo A. Cipriotti  Vadakattu V. S. R. Gupta 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2020,183(3):355-366

Soil nitrogen (N) supply for wheat N uptake can be manipulated through legume and fertilizer N inputs to achieve yield potential in low‐rainfall sandy soil environments. Field experiments over 2 years (2015–2016) were conducted at 2 different sites in a low‐rainfall sandy soil to determine the soil N supply capacity relative to wheat N uptake at key growth stages, after a combination of crop residue (removed, wheat or lupin) and fertilizer N (nil, low or high N) treatments were manipulated to improve wheat yield. We measured the temporal patterns of the soil profile mineral N and PAW to 100 cm depth, wheat aerial biomass and N uptake in both years. In 2016 we also measured the disease incidence as a key environmental variable. There was 35 kg ha^?1 more soil mineral N to 100 cm depth following lupin than wheat residues at the end of the fallow on average in both years. In a below average rainfall season, wheat biomass produced on lupin residues was responsive to N input with soil profile mineral N depleted by increased crop N uptake early in the season. In an above average rainfall season, a higher soil mineral N supply increased actual and potential grain yield, total biomass, N uptake, harvest index and water use efficiency of wheat, regardless of the source of N. Our study showed that the combination of lupin residues with high N rate increased soil profile mineral N at early growth stages, providing a greater soil N supply at the time of high wheat N demand, and the inclusion of a legume in the rotation is critical for improving the N supply to wheat, with added disease break benefits in a low‐rainfall sandy soil environment.  相似文献   

Untersuchungen über das Vorhandensein von neutralisierenden Antikörpern gegen Bläschenausschlag- und Rhinotracheitis-Virus (IBR-IPV Virus) im Serum von Besamungsbullen     

Von M. Goffaux  Therese Harlay  M. Parer 《Reproduction in domestic animals》1973,8(4):145-153

Inhalt Blutseren von 2 814 Bullen aus 60 französischen KB-Zentralen und von 806 Bullen aus Quarantäne- und Jungbullenprüfstationen wurden, im Laufe des Jahres 1972, auf Vorhandensein von neutralisierenden Antikörpern gegen Rhinotracheitisund Bläschenausschlag-Virus untersucht. I m Durchschnitt, erwiesen sick 17,3% der Bullen aus den KB-Zentralen als Antikörperträger. Die Schwankungsbreite war dabei: 0% Bullen in 28% der Zentralen bis über 50% in 10% der Zentralen, mit einem Höhepunkt von 82%. Der Prozentsatz der Reagenten wächst mit dem Alter der Tiere. Auch Herkunft der Tiere and Umfang der eventuellen Virusausscheidung in einzelnen Betrieben scheinen im Zusammenhang mit dem Anteil der Antikörper zu stehen. Bei den Tieren aus Quarantine-Stationen beträgt dieser Anteil nur noch 1,7% und bleibt ganz aus bei Rindern aus Jungbullenprüfstationen. Der in dieser Untersuchung erörterte durchschnittliche Serumneutralisationstiter beträgt 63. Die bei dieser Arbeit erhobenen Daten sollten die Ausarbeitung von empfehlenswerten Schutzmaβnahmen gegen die Verbreitung der Seuche erlauben. Contents (Studies on the presence of neutralising antibodies to infectious pustular vaginitis and rhinotracheitis virus (IBR-IPV virus) in the serum of bulls used for artificial insemination) In the course of the year 1972, sera of 2 814 bulls maintained in 60 French A.I. Centres, and of 806 bulls staying in 15 Quarantine or Selection Stations, were examined for the presence of antibodies neutralizing the IBR-IPV virus. The percentage of antibody carriers averaged 17,3% of the bulls present in the different A.I. stations, the range extending from 0 in 28% of the stations to over 50% (maximum : 82%) in 10% of the stations. The number of antibody carriers increases on aging. It seems to depend on the place the animals are coming from and on the level of the viral excretion existing in the A.I. station concerned. The percentage falls to 1,7 in the Quarantine Stations and reduces to zero in the Selection Stations. The mean neutralizing titer was found to be equal to 63. The data recorded in this survey must allow to work out the relevant protecting measures.  相似文献   

Effects of Feeding Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles on Growth and Feed Efficiency of Weanling Horses     

Therese A. BonomaAmy C. Brogren  Kevin H. Kline  Kristine M. Doyle  BS 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2008

The effects of replacing corn and soybean meal with distiller's dried grains and solubles in the weanling horse diet were examined. Sixteen weanling horses, 12 fillies and four colts, were fed completely pelleted diets consisting of 50% alfalfa in addition to 50% of a concentrate containing either corn and soybean meal (CS), or 30% of the concentrate replaced with distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS). There were no significant differences (P > .05) between the two diets in either average daily gain or gain-to-feed ratio. The CS diet had a higher apparent dry matter digestibility (P < .0001), and higher apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P < .01). It was concluded that replacing a portion of the corn and soybean meal with distiller's dried grains with solubles in the weanling horse diet did not lead to significant growth depression. However, the diet containing DDGS had reduced apparent digestibility of dry matter, CP, and fiber. Therefore, it was concluded that it may not be advisable to replace more than 30% of the concentrate portion or 15% of the total diet with distiller's dried grains and solubles when alfalfa is used as the forage source constituting 50% of the weanling diet. Even less DDGS may be desirable to substitute for corn and soybean meal in weanling horse diets if the forage source is one with lower protein quality than alfalfa. It is possible that using DDGS for less than 30% of the concentrate portion of the diet along with high-quality alfalfa forage may produce comparable gain and feed efficiency results with less depression of apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and fiber.  相似文献   

Maternal work hours in early to middle childhood link to later adolescent diet quality     

Li J  O'Sullivan T  Johnson S  Stanley F  Oddy W 《Public health nutrition》2012,15(10):1861-1870

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Use of human immunoglobulin in addition to glucocorticoids for the initial treatment of dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia     

Megan F. Whelan  DVM  DACVECC  ; Therese E. O'Toole  DVM  DACVIM  ; Daniel L. Chan  DVM  DACVECC  DACVN  MRCVS  ; Elizabeth A. Rozanski  DVM  DACVECC  DACVIM  ; Armelle M. deLaforcade  DVM  DACVECC  ; Sybil L. Crawford  PhD    Susan M. Cotter  DVM  DACVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2009,19(2):158-164

Objective – To determine the utility of human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG) for the initial treatment of canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA).
Design – Blinded, randomized, clinical trial.
Setting – Veterinary teaching hospital.
Animals – Twenty-eight, client-owned dogs with primary IMHA.
Interventions – At enrollment, after diagnosis of IMHA, dogs were randomly assigned to receive either hIVIG or placebo, in a blinded fashion. For the next 14 days, all dogs received glucocorticoids as the sole immunosuppressant agent. All dogs received low-molecular-weight heparin as an anticoagulant. D-dimer concentrations were evaluated at the beginning and end of the study protocol to monitor for thromboembolic complications.
Measurements and Main Results – Twenty-five of 28 dogs (89%) were discharged from the hospital. Thirteen of those received hIVIG and 12 received placebo. Twenty-four dogs (86%) were alive 14 days after enrollment, and of these 13 received hIVIG and 11 received placebo. D-dimer concentrations were elevated in 86% of all dogs at the time of diagnosis.
Conclusions – For initial treatment of dogs with IMHA, the addition of hIVIG to corticosteroid treatment did not improve initial response, nor did it shorten hospitalization.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal distribution of trunk-injected (14) C-imidacloprid in Fraxinus trees     

Tanis SR  Cregg BM  Mota-Sanchez D  McCullough DG  Poland TM 《Pest management science》2012,68(4):529-536

BACKGROUND: Since the discovery of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (emerald ash borer) in 2002, researchers have tested several methods of chemical control. Soil drench or trunk injection products containing imidacloprid are commonly used to control adults. However, efficacy can be highly variable and may be due to uneven translocation of systemic insecticides. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sectored xylem anatomy might influence imidacloprid distribution in tree crowns. RESULTS: Imidacloprid equivalent concentrations were higher in leaves from branches in the plane of the injection point (0°) than in leaves from branches on the opposite side of the injection point (180°). Leaves from branches 90° to the right of injection points had higher imidacloprid equivalent concentrations than leaves from branches 90° to the left of injection points. Leaves and shoots had higher imidacloprid equivalent concentrations than roots and trunk cores, indicating that imidacloprid moves primarily through the xylem. CONCLUSION: Imidacloprid equivalent concentration in leaves varied over time and in relation to injection points. It is concluded that ash trees have sectored ‘zigzag’ xylem architecture patterns consistent with sectored flow distribution. This could lead to variable distribution of imidacloprid in tree crowns and therefore to variable control of A. planipennis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Polyphosphate‐fertilizer solution stability with time,temperature, and pH     

Therese M. McBeath  Enzo Lombi  Michael J. McLaughlin  Else K. Bünemann 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(3):387-391

Ammonium polyphosphate fertilizers are gaining popularity in agricultural industry due to ease of application and yield benefits in calcareous soils. In this study, the effects of temperature, pH, and time on the stability of ammonium polyphosphate–fertilizer solution simulating a range of storage conditions were evaluated. Ion chromatography was used for the speciation of orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and tripolyphosphate in the polyphosphate‐fertilizer solution over time. Polyphosphate solutions were very stable when the pH was maintained close to neutral (pH 6.4) and the temperature was less than 25°C. In contrast, at the lowest pH (2.3) and highest temperature (50°C) almost all tripolyphosphate and 96% of pyrophosphate was hydrolyzed after 28 d. The hydrolysis rate constant for tripolyphosphate at 50°C was calculated to be 9.2 × 10^–7 s^–1 and the half‐life 20 d. At 25°C, the half‐life of tripolyphosphate was 34 d at pH 2.3 and 174 d at pH 5.4. The activation energy at pH 2.3 was 12.7 kJ mol^–1. The results demonstrate that increasing temperature and decreasing pH have a deleterious effect on the stability of condensed P species in polyphosphate fertilizer. The effect of acidification on polyphosphate‐fertilizer composition requires consideration when formulating mixed ammonium polyphosphate blends with acids and trace elements for application in the field.  相似文献   

Effect of organic fertilizer on the growth and fruit yield of six paprika (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum annum</Emphasis> L.<Emphasis Type="Italic">)</Emphasis> cultivars in Malawi     

Gudeta W. Sileshi  Festus K. Akinnifesi  France M. Gondwe  Oluyede C. Ajayi  Simon Mng’omba  Konisaga Mwafongo 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,83(3):361-372

The production of paprika (Capsicum annum L.) under small-scale farm conditions in southern Africa is constrained by low soil fertility and lack of appropriate cultivars. The objective of this study was to determine the growth responses and fruit yields of six cultivars of paprika to organic and inorganic nutrient sources. The study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station in Malawi. A combination of six paprika cultivars and four nutrient sources, namely (1) organic input from Gliricidia, (Gliricidia sepium) biomass, (2) inorganic fertilizer, (3) integrated nutrient input (Gliricidia biomass + inorganic fertilizer), and (4) control (no nutrient input) were compared. Each combination was replicated five times. A split-plot design was used where nutrient sources formed the main plot and cultivars the sub-plots. Plant height differed due to nutrient source in 2007 and 2008, while differences due to cultivar were minor. The control plots produced the shortest plants (height < 50 cm), while plots receiving the integrated nutrient input produced the tallest plants (height > 60 cm). Numbers of branches and fruits per plant differed due to nutrient source and cultivar during most of the study period. Plants receiving either organic inputs (Gliricidia biomass) alone or the integrated nutrient input alone had significantly higher stem, leaf and fruit weight compared with the control. Average fruit yield was lower in control plots than in plots receiving the organic input alone or the integrated nutrient input. Among cultivars, Papri-King, Papri-Supreme and Papri-Queen produced higher dry fruit yield. The ASTA and RAL colour rating was within the internationally accepted range for fruit from the treatments.  相似文献   

Predicting carnivore occurrence with noninvasive surveys and occupancy modeling     

Robert A. Long  Therese M. Donovan  Paula MacKay  William J. Zielinski  Jeffrey S. Buzas 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(3):327-340

Terrestrial carnivores typically have large home ranges and exist at low population densities, thus presenting challenges to wildlife researchers. We employed multiple, noninvasive survey methods—scat detection dogs, remote cameras, and hair snares—to collect detection–nondetection data for elusive American black bears (Ursus americanus), fishers (Martes pennanti), and bobcats (Lynx rufus) throughout the rugged Vermont landscape. We analyzed these data using occupancy modeling that explicitly incorporated detectability as well as habitat and landscape variables. For black bears, percentage of forested land within 5 km of survey sites was an important positive predictor of occupancy, and percentage of human developed land within 5 km was a negative predictor. Although the relationship was less clear for bobcats, occupancy appeared positively related to the percentage of both mixed forest and forested wetland habitat within 1 km of survey sites. The relationship between specific covariates and fisher occupancy was unclear, with no specific habitat or landscape variables directly related to occupancy. For all species, we used model averaging to predict occurrence across the study area. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of our black bear and fisher models suggested that occupancy modeling efforts with data from noninvasive surveys could be useful for carnivore conservation and management, as they provide insights into habitat use at the regional and landscape scale without requiring capture or direct observation of study species.  相似文献