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11.
Estimating the ecological,economic and social impacts of ocean acidification and warming on UK fisheries 
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下载免费PDF全文 Jose A Fernandes Eleni Papathanasopoulou Caroline Hattam Ana M Queirós William W W L Cheung Andrew Yool Yuri Artioli Edward C Pope Kevin J Flynn Gorka Merino Piero Calosi Nicola Beaumont Melanie C Austen Stephen Widdicombe Manuel Barange 《Fish and Fisheries》2017,18(3):389-411
Assessments of the combined ecological impacts of ocean acidification and warming (OAW) and their social and economic consequences can help develop adaptive and responsive management strategies in the most sensitive regions. Here, available observational and experimental data, theoretical, and modelling approaches are combined to project and quantify potential effects of OAW on the future fisheries catches and resulting revenues and employment in the UK under different CO2 emission scenarios. Across all scenarios, based on the limited available experimental results considered, the bivalve species investigated were more affected by OAW than the fish species considered, compared with ocean warming alone. Projected standing stock biomasses decrease between 10 and 60%. These impacts translate into an overall fish and shellfish catch decrease of between 10 and 30% by 2020 across all areas except for the Scotland >10 m fleet. This latter fleet shows average positive impacts until 2050, declining afterwards. The main driver of the projected decreases is temperature rise (0.5–3.3 °C), which exacerbate the impact of decreases in primary production (10–30%) in UK fishing waters. The inclusion of the effect of ocean acidification on the carbon uptake of primary producers had very little impact on the projections of potential fish and shellfish catches (<1%). The <10 m fleet is likely to be the most impacted by‐catch decreases in the short term (2020–50), whereas the effects will be experienced more strongly by the >10 m fleet by the end of the century in all countries. Overall, losses in revenue are estimated to range between 1 and 21% in the short term (2020–50) with England and Scotland being the most negatively impacted in absolute terms, and Wales and North Ireland in relative terms. Losses in total employment (fisheries and associated industries) may reach approximately 3–20% during 2020–50 with the >10 m fleet and associated industries bearing the majority of the losses. 相似文献
12.
Regidor-Cerrillo J Gómez-Bautista M Sodupe I Aduriz G Alvarez-García G Del Pozo I Ortega-Mora LM 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):41
ABSTRACT: In this study, we examined the in vitro invasion and proliferation capacities of the Nc-Liv and ten Spanish Neospora caninum isolates (Nc-Spain 1 H - Nc-Spain 10). The invasion rate was determined as the number of tachyzoites that completed their internalisation into MARC-145 cells at 2, 4, and 6 h post-inoculation (pi). The proliferation rate was evaluated by determining the doubling time during the exponential proliferation period. Significant differences in the invasion rates of these isolates were detected at 2 and 4 h pi (P < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). At 4 h pi, the Nc-Spain 4 H and Nc-Liv isolates displayed the highest, while the Nc-Spain 3 H and Nc-Spain 1 H isolates had the lowest invasion rates (by Dunn's test). Variations in the proliferation kinetics of these isolates were also observed. Between different isolates, the lag phase, which occurs before the exponential growth phase, ranged from 8 to 44 h, and the doubling time ranged from 9.8 to 14.1 h (P = 0.0016, ANOVA test). Tachyzoite yield, which combines invasion and proliferation data, was also assessed and confirmed marked differences between the highly and less prolific isolates. Interestingly, a direct correlation between the invasion rates and tachyzoite yields, and the severity of the disease that was exhibited by infected pregnant mice in previous works could be established for the isolates in this study (Spearman's coefficient > 0.62, P < 0.05). The results of this study may help us to explain the differences in the pathogenicity that are displayed by different isolates. 相似文献
13.
Gorka Landeras Amaia Ortiz-Barredo Jose Javier Lpez 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(5):553-565
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) determination is a key factor for water balance and irrigation scheduling. Evapotranspiration can be measured directly by high-cost micrometeorological techniques, or estimated by mathematical models. The combination equation of Penman–Monteith, modified by Allen et al. [Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage, Paper no. 56. FAO, Rome] (PM56), is the reference equation for ETo estimation. This method is also appropriate for the calibration of other ETo estimation equations. The utilization of these calibrated ETo equations is recommended in the absence of data of any of the meteorological parameters necessary for the application of PM56. In addition to the use of classic ETo equations, the adoption of artificial neural network (ANN) models for the estimation of daily ETo has been evaluated in this study. ANNs are mathematical models, whose architecture has been inspired by biological neural networks. They are highly appropriate for the modelling of non-linear processes, which is the case of the evapotranspiration process. Seven ANNs (with different input combinations) have been implemented and compared with ten locally calibrated empirical and semi-empirical ETo equations and variants of these equations (with estimated meteorological parameters as inputs). The comparisons have been based on statistical error techniques, using PM56 daily ETo values as a reference. ANNs have obtained better results than the locally calibrated ETo equations in the three groups of evaluated methods: temperature and/or relative humidity-based methods (0.385 mm d−1 of root mean square error (RMSE)), solar radiation-based methods (0.238 mm d−1 of RMSE), and methods based on similar requirements to those of PM56 except for the estimation of solar radiation and/or relative humidity (0.285 mm d−1 of RMSE). 相似文献
14.
Ramon A Juste Joseba M Garrido Marivi Geijo Natalia Elguezabal Gorka Aduriz Raquel Atxaerandio Iker Sevilla 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2005,17(4):354-359
A study was carried out to compare the performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in cattle and sheep. For cattle, a set of 278 samples from 1 paratuberculosis-affected Friesian farm was used; it included 80 ELISA-positive samples and 198 ELISA-negative samples from an age-matched group. Ninety-four samples were from heifers and 184 were from 2-5-year-old cows. The overall analysis showed a clear association (Fisher exact test [FET] P = 0.0049) but a weak negative agreement (45.3%, kappa = -0.1665 +/- 0.0994) between the 2 tests. It reflected a moderate agreement among heifers (87.7%, kappa = 0.4471 +/- 0.2435) and a moderate disagreement among cows (62.7%, kappa = -0.3670 +/- 0.1057). For sheep, 496 blood samples from 53 Latxa dairy flocks were used; 180 of the blood samples were from dam/offspring pairs. The overall association between the 2 tests on ovine samples was strong (FET, P = 0.0005), whereas the agreement was low (kappa = 0.1622 +/- 0.1188). There was slightly better agreement for ewes (kappa = 0.2135 +/- 0.1992) than for lambs (kappa = 0.1193 +/- 0.1301). There was also a highly unlikely proportion of dam/offspring positive results (FET, P < 0.0001, kappa = 0.6269 +/- 0.1854). Four of 6 lambs that were necropsied 1 year after testing had paratuberculosis microscopic lesions in the ileocecal valve (3 lambs) or a PCR-positive result (4 lambs). These results suggest that blood PCR testing might be a potentially useful new approach in paratuberculosis diagnosis, especially in young animals. 相似文献
15.
Martínez J Jaro PJ Aduriz G Gómez EA Peris B Corpa JM 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2007,174(1):160-164
Condemnation causes of growth retarded pigs were studied in a Spanish abattoir. A total of 513 carcasses out of 6017 (8.5%) were rejected during inspection. The main reasons for condemnation were abscesses, cachexia, catarrhal bronchopneumonia, vertebral osteomyelitis, arthritis, pleuritis, peritonitis and pleuropneumonia. Positive relationships were found between tail lesions and arthritis (OR=5.23) or vertebral osteomyelitis (OR=24.81), while no relationships were found between tail lesions and abscesses. Lower risks were observed among carcasses condemned for cachexia, and were as follows: abscesses (OR=0.18), arthritis (OR=0.32), vertebral osteomyelitis (OR=0.06). Arcanobacterium pyogenes, either alone or in combination with other agents, was the main bacterial species isolated from abscesses, osteomyelitis and arthritis (73.5% of lesions). Direct economical losses associated with condemnation were calculated to be 30,000 Euro. 相似文献
16.
RAG-1 and RAG-2, adjacent genes that synergistically activate V(D)J recombination 总被引：154，自引：0，他引：154
The vast repertoire of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors is generated, in part, by V(D)J recombination, a series of genomic rearrangements that occur specifically in developing lymphocytes. The recombination activating gene, RAG-1, which is a gene expressed exclusively in maturing lymphoid cells, was previously isolated. RAG-1 inefficiently induced V(D)J recombinase activity when transfected into fibroblasts, but cotransfection with an adjacent gene, RAG-2, has resulted in at least a 1000-fold increase in the frequency of recombination. The 2.1-kilobase RAG-2 complementary DNA encodes a putative protein of 527 amino acids whose sequence is unrelated to that of RAG-1. Like RAG-1, RAG-2 is conserved between species that carry out V(D)J recombination, and its expression pattern correlates precisely with that of V(D)J recombinase activity. In addition to being located just 8 kilobases apart, these convergently transcribed genes are unusual in that most, if not all, of their coding and 3' untranslated sequences are contained in single exons. RAG-1 and RAG-2 might activate the expression of the V(D)J recombinase but, more likely, they directly participate in the recombination reaction. 相似文献