Effects of feeding high volumes of milk replacer on reproductive performance and on concentrations of metabolites and hormones in blood of Japanese black heifer calves     

Yutaka Taguchi  Yudai Inabu  Koki Hayasaki  Noriyuki Maeda  Yoshiro Kanmera  Seiji Yamasaki  Noboru Ota  Kenji Mukawa  Arisa Tsuboi  Hirokuni Miyamoto  Tetsuji Etoh  Yuji Shiotsuka  Ryoichi Fujino  Christopher D. McMahon  Hideyuki Takahashi 《Animal Science Journal》2021,92(1):e13505

We evaluated the effects of feeding high volumes of milk replacer on growth and reproductive performances in Japanese black heifers. Fifty-one heifers were fed milk replacer at 9 L/day for 60 days (9 L × 60 days; n = 18) or 41 days (9 L × 41 days; n = 15), or at 7 L/day for 40 days (7 L × 40 days; n = 18). Artificial insemination (AI) was performed on heifers with ≥270 kg body weight and ≥116 cm body height at 300 days of age. The age at the first AI was 0.35 month later for 7 L × 40 days than the other groups (p < .01). However, age at calving did not differ among treatments (22.1 months). The interval from the first AI to pregnancy tended to be ~2 months longer for the 9 L × 60 days than the other groups (p = .07). Our results showed that feeding high volumes of milk replacer may reduce the age at calving via an improved rate of growth. In addition, we propose that feeding a maximum of 7 L milk replacer for 40 days may be the most appropriate rearing regime because the success of pregnancy per AI may be reduced in calves fed a maximum of 9 L for 41 and 60 days.  相似文献   

Methane and N2O emissions, nitrate concentrations of drainage water, and zinc and copper uptake by rice fertilized with anaerobically digested cattle or pig slurry     

Yu Sasada  Khin Thawda Win  Ryoko Nonaka  Aye Thida Win  Koki Toyota  Takashi Motobayashi  Masaaki Hosomi  Chen Dingjiang  Jun Lu 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(8):949-956

We have examined the effects of different types of slurry on CH₄ and N₂O emissions, Zn and Cu contents of rice, and nitrate content of the drainage water. The experiment included four treatments: (1) anaerobically digested cattle slurry (ADCS), (2) ADCS filtered to remove the coarse organic matter fraction, (3) anaerobically digested pig slurry (ADPS), and (4) chemical fertilizer (CF). The application rate was 30?g?NH₄?CN?m^?2. Different amounts of C were incorporated with fertilization: 725?g?C?m^?2 in ADCS, 352?g?m^?2 in filtered ADCS, and 75?g?m^?2 in ADPS. The average CH₄ emissions during a growing period were 304, 359, 452, and 579?mg?m^?2?day^?1 in the CF, ADPS, filtered ADCS, and ADCS treatments, respectively. The CH₄ emission was significantly higher in ADCS than in CF and ADPS. Negligible N₂O emissions were observed during the growing period. Comparable concentrations of Zn and Cu were observed in the rice grain among the treatments. In contrast, their concentrations in the stems and leaves were significantly higher in ADPS than in CF treated rice, although the values were lower than the upper limit of feed additives. Nitrate concentrations in the drainage water were consistently low (0.5?mg?N?L^?1). The present study suggested that ADPS, containing a lower amount of C than ADCS, might be an organic fertilizer in paddy field with comparable environmental impacts to chemical fertilizers (CF), but long-term field studies are needed to better understand the effects of these organic fertilizers.  相似文献   

Effects of soil temperature and anaerobiosis on degradation of biodegradable plastics in soil and their degrading microorganisms     

Hiroyo Nishide  Koki Toyota  Makoto Kimura 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):963-972

The bioplastic PHB/HV (copolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate) underwent a faster degradation at 30°C than at 52°C in soil under aerobic conditions, while there was no remarkable difference between 30°C and 52°C in the degradation rate of PCL [poly(ε-caprolactone)], PBSA (polybutylene succinate and agipate), and PBS (polybutylene succinate). PHB showed the fastest degree of degradation among the four plastics at 30°C and PBSA the fastest at 52°C. Degradation of all the four plastics was nor observed both at 30°C and 52°C under anaerobic conditions for 50 d. Microorganisms on the degrading plastics appeared to be diverse at 30"C, including bacteria and fungi. However, among the several to ca. 10 kinds of bacterial and fungal strains isolated from the degradation sites of each plastic at 30°C, only one or two fungal strains were able to degrade the respective plastics in vitro. The degraders were identified as Mucor sp. (PHB), Paecilomyces sp. (PCL), Aspergillus sp. (PBSA), and Cunninghamella sp. (PBSA). In contrast, only a single type of fungus was observed at the degradation sites of PCL and PBSA at 52°C. The fungus isolated from PCL and PBSA was identified as Thermomyces sp. This study demonstrated that soil temperature and anaerobiosis exerted significant effects on the degradation of the plastics, and that fungi were mainly responsible for the degradation of the plastics in soil.  相似文献   

Observation of microbial colonization on the surface of rice roots along with their development and degradation     

Eitaro Hamakawa  Koki Toyota  Makoto Kimura 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):491-502

Microbial colonization on the surface of rice roots along with their development and degradation was examined throughout the growth period of rice plants with the naked eye, by light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Four stages were recognized in the development and degradation processes of rice roots and microbial colonization pattern. At stage I, both crown and lateral roots were undergoing development, white, and covered with a mucigel layer. Microbial colonization was rarely observed. At stage II, lateral roots developed further, and they stained brownish due to the deposition of iron oxides/hydroxides on the root surface. Microbial colonies commonly developed along the grooves between epidermal cells. At stage III, lateral roots ceased to develop, and the root surfaces were widely covered with deposits of iron oxides/hydroxides. Microbial colonies were found inside epidermal and exodermal cells as well as on epidermal cells. At stage IV, the roots became dark brown or transparent. Most of the epidermal and exodermal cells disappeared from the root surface. Roots went through stage I to stage IV as they aged, and respective degradation stages were observed from the nodal roots from higher nodes to the nodal roots from lower nodes. There were fewer microorganisms on the surface of lateral roots than on crown roots. About 50% of the roots were at stages I and II on June 20 and July 20, which corresponded to the early to middle growth stages, while most of the roots were at stages III or IV from August 10.  相似文献   

Tin concentrations in river / bay sediments of Tokyo in 1984 and 2000     

Jamsranjav Baasansuren  Masanori Okazaki  I-Song Choi  Koki Toyota 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):667-672

Abstract

To analyze in greater detail the fate and behavior of toxic organotin compounds in the environment, total tin (Sn) concentrations were determined for sediments of the Arakawa River, the Sumida River, and Tokyo Bay by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS). Sn concentrations in 2000 were compared with those of 1984 (8 years before the regulation on tributyltin-based antifouling paint) as well as with other heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The Sn concentrations ranged from 1.04 to 4.43 mg kg^?1 for sediments sampled in 2000. Although the average concentration of Sn in the sediments was low compared with that of 1984, the concentration tended to increase at several sites in 2000. Moreover, the Sn concentration showed significant correlations with the Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. These results suggest that a significant proportion of the overall Sn content in these sediments was probably introduced from the sources other than antifouling paint. The metals extracted from air-dried sediments with 0.1 m HCl showed that the mobility and bioavailability of Sn was low compared with those of other heavy metals.  相似文献   

Effects of successive soil freeze-thaw cycles on nitrification potential of soils     

Yusuke Yanai  Koki Toyota  Masanori Okazaki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):831-837

Abstract

In our previous report (Yanai et al. 2004: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 50, 821–829), we demonstrated that soil freeze-thaw cycles caused a partial sterilization of the soil microbial communities and exerted limited effects on the potential of organic matter decomposition of soils. In the present study, the effects of soil freeze-thaw cycles on the nitrification potential of soils were examined and the impacts of the freeze-thaw cycles on the nitrifying communities were analyzed. Samples of surface soils (0 to 10 cm depth) were collected, from tropical arable land sites, temperate forest, and arable land sites~ Nitrification potential was assayed by the incubation of soils with or without the addition of 200 fig N of ammonium sulfate per g soil to reach a moisture content adjusted to 60% of maximum water-holding capacity at 27~wC following four successive soil freeze-thaw cycles (-13 and 4°C at 12 h-intervals). Nitrification potential of the soils, in which the decrease in the microbial biomass following the freeze-thaw cycles was less appreciable, was not inhibited by the soil freeze-thaw cycles. On the other hand, the nitrification potential of the soils, in which the decrease in the microbial biomass following the soil freeze-thaw cycles was relatively more appreciable, was clearly inhibited by the freeze-thaw cycles or was undetectable even in the unfrozen control. Surprisingly, nitrate production in the samples of an arable soil collected from Vietnam was inhibited by the addition of ammonium sulfate, and thus the effects of counter-anions of ammonium salts on the nitrification potential of the soils were examined. Since a much larger amount of nitrate was produced in the Vietnam soil with the addition of ammonium acetate and ammonium hydrogen carbonate than that in the soil with the addition of ammonium sulfate, it was considered that ammonium sulfate inhibited nitrification in the soil. These results indicated that ammonium sulfate may not always be a suitable substrate for estimating the nitrification potential of soils. Relationship between soil physicochemical properties and the effect of the soil freeze-thaw cycles on the nitrification potential was evaluated and it was considered that the soil pH(KCI) was likely to be responsible for the difference in the responses among soils, assuming that the pH values changed in unfrozen water under the frozen conditions of soils.  相似文献   

Metabolic process of the C-sugars on the translocation pathways of cucumber plants     

Wataru Ohkawa  Yoshinori KanayamaNaoko Daibo  Takahiro SatoManabu Nishiyama  Koki Kanahama 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010

Studies on the metabolic process of photoassimilates and enhancement of sugar accumulation into fruit are important in fruit crop production. The metabolic process of the ¹⁴C-photoassimilates in cucumber plants was analyzed with respect to the vascular system. At 4 h after the start of ¹⁴CO₂ feeding, the ¹⁴C-photoassimilates synthesized in a selected leaf on the main shoot were translocated to the vascular bundles of the internode just below the ¹⁴CO₂-fed leaf. The radioactivity of ¹⁴C-stachyose was as high as that of ¹⁴C-sucrose in the vascular bundles of petiole and internode just below the ¹⁴CO₂-fed leaf as well as in the midrib, while the radioactivity of ¹⁴C-stachyose was lower than that of ¹⁴C-sucrose in the mesophyll. The ¹⁴C-photoassimilates appeared to have been translocated without any metabolic change in the translocation pathways between the petiole and internode just below the ¹⁴CO₂-fed leaf, because the ratio of ¹⁴C-stachyose radioactivity in the two parts was similar. At 8 h after the start of ¹⁴CO₂ feeding, the ¹⁴C-photoassimilates were translocated to the fruit. In the vascular bundles of the peduncle, the ratios of the radioactivity of ¹⁴C-stachyose and ¹⁴C-raffinose were lower, and the ratio of the radioactivity of ¹⁴C-sucrose was higher, than that at the petiole and internode just below the ¹⁴CO₂-fed leaf at 8 h after the start of ¹⁴CO₂ feeding. Therefore, it seemed that ¹⁴C-stachyose and ¹⁴C-raffinose were hydrolyzed to ¹⁴C-sucrose in the peduncle.  相似文献   

Suppression of ammonia volatilization from a paddy soil fertilized with anaerobically digested cattle slurry by wood vinegar application and floodwater management   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Khin Thawda WIN  Koki TOYOTA  Takashi MOTOBAYASHI  Masaaki HOSOMI 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2009,55(1):190-202

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Development of a real-time PCR method for the potato-cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita     

Koki TOYOTA  Tomoaki SHIRAKASHI  Erika SATO  Satoko WADA  Yu Yu MIN 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2008,54(1):72-76

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Changes of skin temperature in human, rabbits, goats and chickens under a constant ambient temperature     

K Homma  K Kimura  E Harada  K Sekine  H Sato 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1967,29(2):79-86

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