Impacts of Soil Management Practices on the Organic Matter Structure - Investigations by CPMAS 13CNMR-Spectroscopy     

R. Fründ  K. Haider  H.-D. Ldemann 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1994,157(1):29-35

Humus properties of 42 soil samples or humic extracts of Ap horizons of Cambisols and Luvisols, from different field plots, kept for a long time under continuous management conditions, have been studied by quantitative CPMAS ¹³C NMR-spectroscopy. The shift range of the spectra were divided into 8 regions, with carbon absorptions from 0–45 (aliphatics), 45–60 (OCH₃), 60–80 (CO? CN), 80–110 (anomeric carbons), 110–140 (aryl—C), 140–160 (O-aryl-C) and 160–210 (COOH? C?O) ppm, respectively. Although soil samples and humic extracts were obtained from plots from different locations and sometimes widely differing organic carbon contents, variances in the relative absorptions of the selected ranges were rather small. Several absorptions were significantly correlated among each other or with soil carbon and microbial biomass contents. These correlations were discussed with the applied management and with other results about humus formation and properties. CPMAS ¹³C NMR-spectroscopy allows a reliable and comprehensive characterization of soil organic matter from soils without previous fractionation.  相似文献   

Effect of environmental factors on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination success in farmers flock in sheep under semi-arid tropical region     

Kalyan De  Davendra Kumar  Krishnappa Balaganur  Syed Mohammad Khursheed Naqvi 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2020,55(7):777-784

Environmental cues in the different seasons might influence the estrus and lambing percentages. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of environmental factors on estrus synchronization (ES) and artificial insemination success in sheep . During the period from 2012 to 2017, a total of 1,197 ewes of Kheri and Malpura breeds of 34 farms originating from 10 villages were synchronized for estrus and then fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was done. Oestrous synchronization was done by intravaginal progesterone sponges and eCG protocol. Fixed-time cervical insemination was performed 48 and 56 hr after sponge removal in ewes exhibiting estrus, using liquid chilled semen containing 100 million sperm per dose of Patanwadi/Malpura rams. Mean sunshine hours, maximum and minimum ambient temperatures, temperature amplitude, mean relative humidity (RH), temperature-humidity index (THI), mean temperature during sponge-in to sponge-out—12-day period, sponge-out and next day, AI day and AI to next 15 days have been calculated. The estrus response and lambing percentage were higher (p < .05) when ES and FTAI were done during hot-humid with rainfall season. Successful (p < .05) ES occur when the minimum temperature was higher in cold-humid season, and the sunshine hour was higher in hot-humid with scanty rainfall season during sponge-in to sponge-out period. The success of the lambing percentage was higher (p < .05) when maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean temperature and THI was higher on the day of AI and the next 15-day period, irrespective of the season. The success of FTAI indicates the adaptability of the local breed to tolerate the harsh climate of the hot semi-arid region without much hindrance in lambing percentages.  相似文献   

Overexpression of Brassica napus cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase genes significantly enhanced tobacco growth and biomass          下载免费PDF全文

LI Yan-yan  GUO Li-na  LIANG Cheng-zhen  MENG Zhi-gang  Syed Tahira  GUO San-dui  ZHANG Rui 《农业科学学报》2022,21(1):49-59

Elevated activities of cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cyFBPase) and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) are associated with higher yields in plants. In this study, the expression levels of the cyFBPase and SBPase genes were increased by overexpressing rape (Brassica napus) cDNA in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. The transgenic plants co-expressing cyFBPase and SBPase (TpFS), or expressing single cyFBPase (TpF) or SBPase (TpS) had 1.77-, 1.55-, 1.23-fold cyFBPase and 1.45-, 1.12-, 1.36-fold SBPase activities as compared to the wild-type (WT), respectively. Photosynthesis rates of TpF, TpS and TpFS increased 4, 20 and 25% compared with WT plants. The SBPase and cyFBPase positively regulated each other and functioned synergistically in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition, the sucrose contents of the three transgenic plants were higher than that of WT plants. The starch accumulation of the TpFS and TpS plants was improved by 53 and 37%, but slightly decreased in TpF plants. Moreover, the transgenic tobacco plants harbouring SBPase and/or cyFBPase genes showed improvements in their growth, biomass, dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, flower number, and pod weight. In conclusion, co-expression of SBPase and cyFBPase may pave a new way for improving crop yield in agricultural applications.  相似文献   

Delineating soil nutrient management zones based on optimal sampling interval in medium- and small-scale intensive farming systems     

Yuan  Yifan  Miao  Yuxin  Yuan  Fei  Ata-UI-Karim  Syed Tahir  Liu  Xiaojun  Tian  Yongchao  Zhu  Yan  Cao  Weixing  Cao  Qiang 《Precision Agriculture》2022,23(2):538-558

Precision Agriculture - Soil nutrients vary greatly and information regarding their spatial-temporal variability is critical for achieving site-specific nutrient management. However, the problem is...  相似文献   

Presence of maturation-promoting factor in 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one-induced oocytes of catfish,Clarias batrachus     

S. Haider  K. Balamurugan 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1995,14(6):501-508

Full-grown immature Clarias batrachus oocytes respond in vitro to exogenous 17,20-dihydroxy-4-preg-nen-3-one ( 17,20-DP) by undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Cytosolic extract (CE) prepared from 17,20-DP-induced oocytes has been shown to produce similar effect when microinjected into unstimulated immature oocytes of the same fish. A dose of 50 nl is enough to cause 100% GVBD after 4 h. Maturation-promoting factor was investigated from 17,20-DP-induced, immature and cycloheximide treated oocytes incubated in presence of [³⁵S] methionine. When the proteins were extracted and analyzed on SDS-PAGE, two prominent bands corresponding to molecular weight 34- and 46-kDa were detected in the CE of mature oocytes. However, labelling of [³⁵S] methionine was observed mainly in the region of 46 kDa protein band indicating de novo synthesis of this particular protein during l7,20-DP-induction. Further, immunoblotting study by using rabbit anti-cyclin B₁ antibody has clearly demonstrated that the protein which is newly synthesized is highly homologous to Xenopus cyclin B₁ and goldfish cyclin B.  相似文献   

Oocyte maturation inClarias batrachus. III. Purification and characterization of maturation-inducing steroid     

S. Haider  N. V. Rao 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1992,9(5-6):505-512

Maturation-inducing steroid (MIS) in the Indian female catfish,Clarias batrachus, was purified and characterized from the incubation medium in which fully grown but immature folliculated oocytes were incubated with salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) for 36 h. Maturation-inducing (MI) activity of residues obtained at various steps of extraction and purification was assessed byin vitro germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) assay using folliculated oocytes ofC. batrachus. The post incubation medium was extracted with diethyl ether. The ether phase was partitioned using 50% methanol plus n-hexane. The methanol phase which had MI activity was fractionated into 7 fractions using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Of these 7 fractions, fraction 3 was found to be active in having MI ability and identified as 17 ,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-diOHprog). The authenticity of 17,20-diOHprog as the major follicular mediator of gonadotropin-induced oocyte maturation was further confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in which fraction 3 was run along with authentic 17,20-diOHprog standard. This investigation gives a direct evidence that 17,20-diOHprog is the major naturally occurring MIS in Indian female catfish,C. batrachus.  相似文献   

Potassium isotherm partitioning based on modified quantity‐intensity relation and potassium buffering characterization of soils of North India     

Shabir A. Bangroo  Nayar A. Kirmani  Mohammad A. Bhat  Javaid A. Wani  Asif M. Iqbal  Zahoor A. Dar  Syed Sheraz Mahdi  Ajaz A. Malik 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2021,184(1):112-122

Background : Potassium (K) availability in soil and plant uptake is restrained by the dynamic interactions among the different pools of K. Aims : To understand these interactions, a study was undertaken to assess the quantity–intensity (Q/I) and buffering characteristics of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) growing soils. Ten contrasting soils were evaluated for K partitioning changes in exchangeable K (ΔEK) and non‐exchangeable K (ΔNEK) pools in the soil‐solution phase and buffering characteristics using a modified version of Q/I approach. Results : The partitioned Q/I isotherms showed strong adsorption with the increase in K concentration ratio (CR^K) and the changes due to ΔEK were higher than changes due to ΔNEK. Total buffering capacity (PBC^K) significantly correlated (r = 0.92, p <0.01) with clay content with a major share contributed by buffering capacity owing to non‐exchangeable K ( ${\mathrm{PBC}}_{\Delta \mathrm{NEK}}^K$) rather than exchangeable K ( ${\mathrm{PBC}}_{\Delta \mathrm{EK}}^K$). The fixation capacity (β) factor, the magnitude of added K converted into a non‐exchangeable pool, ranged from 41 to 63%, whereas release (α) factor, the magnitude of added K converted to the exchangeable pool, ranged from 19 to 36%. Both threshold solution K (CK_r) and threshold exchangeable K (EK_r) values were found to be high in Satran clay loam (S2) and lower in Doon silty clay loam (S3) soils. The equilibrium exchangeable K (EK_o) was found close to minimum exchangeable K (E_min) in Doon silty clay loam (S3) and Babaweyl sandy clay loam (S1) soils and overall E_min constituted about 8.94 to 0.57% of the EK_o. Conclusion : It may be concluded that K Q/I isotherm partitioning provides a valuable insight to assess the dynamic relations. The ratio of α/β (K recharge index) could be used to evaluate the K enrichment capacity of soil to K additions while EK_r and E_min can be potentially useful in the elucidation of exchangeable K as K fertility index especially in soils with poor K fertilizer management.  相似文献   

Sorption–desorption of phenolic acids as affected by soil properties     

Amy?M.?Cecchi  William?C.?KoskinenEmail author  H.?H.?Cheng  Konrad?Haider 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2004,39(4):235-242

Phenolic acids have been implicated in the process of allelopathy and are, therefore, of interest in plant management as a basis for new herbicide structures. The potential bioavailability of phenolic acids is controlled by sorption–desorption processes in soil. Sorption–desorption of p-coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic acid), ferulic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), veratric acid (3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid), vanillic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) was characterized on soils with varying physicochemical properties. The phenolic acids sorbed quickly (<8 h) and in high proportions to the amount applied (average 84% of applied was sorbed). Sorption was irreversible with the batch desorption method used (0.01 N CaCl₂ extraction). Pretreatment of soils to remove organic matter and free metal oxides from the soils decreased sorption, particularly in soils with free oxides removed. Statistical analysis suggested that sorption of p-coumaric and ferulic acids was correlated with soil clay content and veratric acid sorption was correlated with several soil factors. In contrast, no consistent relationship between soil characteristics and vanillic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid sorption was found. Based on the results of these experiments, i.e. the high reactivity of the phenolic acids, it is unlikely that these chemicals would be transported far from their point of origin, limiting their range of influence. It appears that, for phenolic acids to have allelopathic effects on plants, they would have to persist in the soil for long periods, resulting in a buildup of the chemical to high enough levels so that sufficient chemical would be in solution to cause the allelopathic effects, even though they may be strongly sorbed at lower concentrations.  相似文献   

2种昆虫病原真菌对草地贪夜蛾体表侵染模式的扫描电镜观察          下载免费PDF全文

雷妍圆  官昭瑛  Shoaib Freed  Syed Muhammad Zaka  Abid Hussin  章玉苹 《南方农业学报》2021,52(3):578-588

【目的】在前期筛选获得对草地贪夜蛾高效致病真菌球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）菌株GZSL-1和玫烟色虫草（Cordyceps fumosorosea）菌株IFCF01的基础上,进一步明确2株菌株在草地贪夜蛾体表的侵染模式,为阐明菌株致病机理,提高昆虫病原真菌对草地贪夜蛾的防效提供理论依据。【方法】利用扫描电镜观察草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫分别接种菌株GZSL-1和IFCF01（孢子悬浮液浓度为1.0×107孢子/mL）后分生孢子在幼虫体表附着、萌发、穿透和增殖的过程。【结果】菌株GZSL-1和IFCF01萌发后均可形成附着胞,草地贪夜蛾幼虫体表结构对2株菌株分生孢子萌发、附着和穿透芽管长度有不同程度的影响。2株菌株在各结构区均有较高的萌发率（> 90.00%）和附着胞率（> 80.00%）,在平缓结构区比瘤状突起结构区观察到更短的穿透芽管。在各结构区,菌株GZSL-1形成的穿透芽管长度均短于菌株IF-CF01相应的芽管长度,在平缓结构区,菌株GZSL-1的穿透芽管长度显著短于菌株IFCF01（P<0.05）。菌株GZSL-1和IFCF01分生孢子接种后分别在16和8 h内萌发,在24和32 h内普遍出现穿透结构穿透草地贪夜蛾幼虫体壁。2株菌株的初级和次级分生孢子分别在接种后72和96 h内出现。【结论】扫描电镜观察证实球孢白僵菌菌株GZSL-1和玫烟色虫草菌株IFCF01对草地贪夜蛾具有高致病性,揭示了病原真菌分生孢子在草地贪夜蛾虫体上的侵染过程,结果为后续2株菌株的改良及田间应用打下理论基础。  相似文献   

Comparison of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange in two peatlands in western Canada with contrasting dominant vegetation, Sphagnum and Carex     

Aaron J. Glenn  Lawrence B. Flanagan  Kamran H. Syed  Peter J. Carlson 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2006,140(1-4):115

Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange was measured in two contrasting peatlands in northern Alberta, Canada using the eddy covariance technique during the growing season (May–October). Sphagnum spp. made up approximately 66% of the total LAI (1.52 m² m⁻²) at the poor fen and the total N content of Sphagnum capitula was 7.8 mg g⁻¹ at the peak of the growing season. In contrast, the dominant plant species at the extreme-rich fen site, the perennial sedge, Carex lasiocarpa, accounted for approximately 60% of the total LAI (1.09 m² m⁻²), and had leaf total N content of 19.3 mg g⁻¹ at peak biomass. In addition, the peak aboveground biomass was higher at the poor fen (230.9 g m⁻²) than at the extreme-rich fen (157.1 g m⁻²). Both sites had maximum daily rates of net CO₂ uptake of approximately 5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and typical nighttime rates of CO₂ loss of approximately 2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ during the peak of the growing season. Calculations of maximum photosynthetic and respiratory capacity were consistently higher at the extreme-rich fen. The poor fen was a net sink for CO₂ during 4 of the 6 months (peaking at 44 g C m⁻² in July), while only slight net losses of CO₂ (3 g C m⁻²) occurred in May and September. In contrast, the extreme-rich fen was calculated to be a significant net sink for CO₂ only during 2 months of the growing season (peaking at 30 g C m⁻² in August), while significant net losses of CO₂ occurred in May (8 g C m⁻²) and in October (13 g C m⁻²). The plant species at the poor fen site were active earlier and later in the growing season, while it took longer for C. lasiocarpa to develop leaf tissue, and leaf senescence and reduction in photosynthetic activity occurred earlier in the fall at the extreme-rich fen. When integrated over the 6-month growing season, the poor fen was a net sink (90 g C m⁻²) that was three times larger than the extreme-rich fen (31 g C m⁻²). The ratio of cumulative total ecosystem respiration to gross primary production was 0.7 at the poor fen and 0.9 at the extreme-rich fen.  相似文献