红壤区桉树人工林与不同林分土壤微生物活性及细菌多样性的比较   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

谭宏伟  杨尚东  吴俊  刘永贤  熊柳梅  周柳强  谢如林  黄国勤  赵其国 《土壤学报》2014,51(3):575-584

以广西红壤区桉树人工林、马尾松人工林和天然阔叶林为对象,采用PCR-DGGE以及稀释平板法等现代和传统分析技术,比较分析了不同林分土壤生物学性状以及细菌群落结构的特征。结果表明:桉树对林地土壤可培养微生物数量的影响效果虽逊于天然阔叶林树种,但与广西乡土树种马尾松之间并无显著差异。此外,桉树人工林土壤中涉及碳、氮、磷循环的土壤酶活性低于天然阔叶林和马尾松人工林,同样表征土壤肥力的微生物生物量碳、氮指标也逊于天然阔叶林,但微生物生物量碳和氮在两种人工林之间无规律性的差异。同时,桉树人工林土壤细菌多样性指数(H)、丰富度(S)以及均匀度(EH)指数均逊于天然阔叶林,但与广西乡土树种马尾松之间的差异并不显著。桉树对林地土壤肥力及生态环境的影响效果虽不及天然阔叶林树种,但与广西乡土树种马尾松林的生态效应相仿。  相似文献   

隔板对汽车微穿孔管消声器声学特性的影响     

左曙光  龙国  吴旭东  张孟浩  相龙洋  张珺 《农业工程学报》2014,30(11):53-60

为分析隔板对微穿孔管消声器声学特性的影响,该文首先通过试验验证微穿孔管消声器传递损失数值计算方法,然后建立带隔板微穿孔管消声器传递损失的理论模型并利用数值方法进行验证,最后基于理论模型分析了隔板对微穿孔管消声器传递损失的影响。分析发现,隔板位置影响主消声频带及传递损失大小,隔板越靠近中间位置,第一拱形衰减域向高频扩大,且传递损失越大;隔板数目增加,传递损失相应增大,但当隔板数目达到一定值时传递损失不再显著增大;在简单微穿孔管消声器内加隔板后,可以适当缩短膨胀腔长度,而不会明显降低该消声器消声性能,此方法可大大降低消声器的轴向长度,对微穿孔管消声器的优化设计具有指导意义。  相似文献   

Distribution of carbon and nitrogen in water-stable aggregates and soil stability under long-term manure application in solonetzic soils of the Songnen plain,northeast China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Qingfeng Meng  Yuting Sun  Jing Zhao  Lianren Zhou  Xianfa Ma  Meng Zhou  Wei Gao  Guangcheng Wang 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(6):1041-1049

Purpose

Excessive exchangeable sodium and high pH significantly decrease soil structural stability and permeability. Long-term application of cattle manure is an important management practice that can affect water-stable aggregates (WSAs), as well as aggregate stability and distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in solonetzic soils.

Material and methods

Experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design comprising five treatments according to the cattle manure application history: corn (Zea mays) with manure applied for 1, 5, 12, and 17 years were used as the experimental treatments and corn without manure application was used as a control. Soil properties, including WSAs, mean weight diameter (MWD), and SOC and TN concentrations in bulk soils and WSAs, were measured across all treatments. The relationships among the measured soil attributes were determined using stepwise regression analysis.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that micro-aggregates mainly accumulated in soils without manure application, while manure application significantly increased macro-aggregates formation. MWD was highest when manure was applied to the soil for 1 year, decreased after 5 years, and increased again after 12 years. SOC and TN concentrations in bulk soils and WSAs increased with the number of years of manure application, with the highest concentrations observed for 17 years in bulk soils. Stepwise regression analysis showed that WSAs 2–5 mm, SOC in WSAs 0.25–0.5 mm, and TN in WSAs 0.1–0.25 mm were dominant independent variables affecting aggregate stability, and that SOC in WSAs 0.25–0.5 mm and TN in WSAs <0.1 mm were dominant independent variables affecting SOC and TN concentrations in bulk soils, respectively.

Conclusions

Long-term application of manure to a solonetz significantly increased macro-aggregates and aggregate stability as well as SOC and TN in bulk soils and all aggregate sizes. These results are likely related to binding agent production as well as C and N accumulation from manure application.  相似文献   

移栽秧龄对机插杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  

贾现文  朱起超  杨志远  孙永健  郭翔  石勇  马均 《农业工程学报》2014,30(12):18-25

为探明中、迟熟型杂交稻品种在不同机插秧龄条件下的适应性及品种间生长发育及产量的差异,研究了不同移栽秧龄对机插中、迟熟杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响。结果表明,21 d适龄移栽杂交稻的产量、各生育时期的群体茎蘖数、分蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、抽穗后剑叶光合、群体透光、抽穗期的有效叶面积、高效叶面积、有效叶面积率以及高效叶面积率显著大于迟栽处理。品种选择上,迟熟杂交稻品种无论在产量还是在各群体指标方面均优于中熟品种,尤其是迟熟型中F优498分蘖力中等,株型好,这些特征改善了机插条件下杂交稻群体光合生产和通风透光状况,穗型大且穗粒数较多,茎蘖成穗率较高,秧龄弹性较大,可适当延长秧龄到28 d也能保持较高产量。中熟型中辐优838虽然穗数多,但其穗粒数限制了产量的增加,且其分蘖力过强,导致无效分蘖过多,对机插产量的发挥造成一定影响。研究结果为生产中选择机插适栽秧龄及高产杂交稻品种提供参考。  相似文献   

农作物空间格局变化模拟模型的MATLAB实现及应用   总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2  

余强毅  吴文斌  陈羊阳  杨鹏  孟超英  周清波  唐华俊 《农业工程学报》2014,30(12):105-114

Agent模型是研究农业土地系统复杂性与动态性的有效工具。在农作物空间格局变化模拟模型(CroPaDy,an agent-based model for simulating crop pattern dynamics)概念化设计的基础上,借助MATLAB平台开放性、矩阵运算能力强等特点,实现CroPaDy模型的数值模拟,并以黑龙江省宾县调查数据为依据,完成模型的区域实证研究。基于MATLAB的模型实现过程充分考虑了CroPaDy模型的多层次性(土地流转行为与作物选择行为)成功实现了3个子模块的动态嵌套模拟:1)Agent生成模块。基于已有的多源GIS数据、统计数据、典型调查数据、以及个体的通用规则,利用蒙特卡洛方法生成每一个个体Agent的属性信息;2)Agent分类模块。基于调查数据对受访农户进行态度聚类分析,然后借助人工神经网络方法确定所有生成的Agent所在的类型;3)Agent决策模块。利用概率方法,计算特定周期内每个Agent的决策行为。区域实证研究中,直接将空间耕地网格作为个体Agent,实现区域全覆盖(网格大小设置为114 m×114 m,约等于户均耕地面积),模拟结果表明,研究区2010年玉米、大豆、水稻、烤烟的模拟结果分别为2 6055.9、5 192.2、3 506.8、3 983.9 hm2,利用宾县统计年鉴(2010)进行验证,模型总体模拟精度达90%以上。CroPaDy模型的设计与实现科学合理,具有较强的理论性与可操作性,能够用以表达特定区域内的农作物空间格局及其动态变化过程。  相似文献   

黑土农田冻结-融化期土壤剖面温度变化特征   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

王一菲  郑粉莉  周秀杰  覃超  富涵  左小锋  刘刚  张加琼 《水土保持通报》2019,39(3):57-64

[目的]研究东北黑土区农地土壤温度变化特征,为冻融作用程度量化分析和冻融作用对土壤侵蚀影响提供基础数据。[方法]利用2015—2018年黑龙江省宾州河流域典型农地2 m土壤剖面11月至翌年4月土壤温度观测资料以及气温数据,分析了冻结和融化过程中土壤温度变化特征以及土壤温度对气温变化的响应,确定土壤冻结与融化过程中耕层土壤冻融循环次数。[结果] 11月至翌年2月的冻结期,土壤温度随土层深度的增加而增加;3—4月份土壤温度梯度发生反向改变,当土壤完全消融后,土壤温度随着土层深度的增加而递减,土壤最大冻结深度为80 cm。研究结果还表明,0—60 cm土层的土壤温度均与气温呈极显著正相关,其相关性随土壤深度增加而减小;而80 cm以下土层,土壤温度均与气温呈负相关。[结论]研究区土壤冻结和融化过程分别呈单向冻结和双向融化现象,冻融循环主要发生在农地耕层0—20 cm土层,其年最大冻融循环次数分别为12次和7次,为设计黑土冻融循环模拟试验提供了数据支持。  相似文献   

The effects of straw return on potassium fertilization rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation     

Xinlin Zhao  Dianjun Lu  Xiaoqin Chen  Jianmin Zhou 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2019,65(2):176-182

In order to investigate the effects of straw return on potassium (K) fertilizer application rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation, field experiments were conducted at three sites. The results showed that when the K rate was decreased to 70% of the recommended K dosage, crop yields showed no significant decrease. With K fertilization only at rice phase, crop yields showed no marked difference compared with that provided K fertilizer both at wheat and rice seasons. Though the NH₄OAc-extracted K and HNO₃-extracted K differed slightly among the treatments, the soil apparent K balance was negative without K fertilization. With crop straw fully incorporated, the recommended K dosage could be at least reduced by 30% at the experimental sites and the K fertilizer could be applied only at rice phase. A further hypothesis can be made that the best K rate was the amount of K took away by crop grain. In the long run, straw return combined with K fertilization would be an effective method to maintain soil K fertility and productivity.  相似文献   

Soil nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat affected by straw management and nitrogen application in the Yangtze river basin of China     

Zhongwei Tian  Yaoxiang Ge  Qing Zhu  Jinhong Yu  Qin Zhou  Jian Cai 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2019,65(1):1-15

Straw incorporation is a useful management practice in sustainable agricultural systems to improve soil fertility and to reduce air pollution from straw burning. A three-year field experiment was conducted under two rice straw managements and four nitrogen (N) application rates in Rugao, China during 2010–2013, to examine whether straw management practices integrated with fertilizer N applications affect crop yield, N balance and N use efficiency in the wheat season of rice-wheat cropping systems. The results showed that straw incorporation had positive effects on plant N uptake and grain yield. This may be attributed to the greater soil water content and lower amount of seasonal rainfall. However, straw incorporation resulted in lower soil inorganic N and more N surplus at the early growth stage. Grain yield had a significant relation with wheat N uptake from sowing to jointing and from jointing to anthesis with straw incorporation. Therefore, our results suggest that in adjusting the ratio of basal and topdressing N fertilizer, it is important for the supply of optimum N to the crop and to maintain grain production with straw incorporation.  相似文献   

DEM空间尺度对可照时数模拟结果的影响 ——以浙江省仙居县为例     

李军  王超  赵玉竹 《中国农业气象》2019,40(4):250

以浙江省仙居县为实验区,基于4种不同空间分辨率DEM提取相关地形因子,结合可照时数分布式模型,利用数字地形分析和空间数据叠置分析等方法,模拟1月和7月4种空间分辨率下的可照时数,并定量分析DEM尺度效应对模拟结果的影响。结果表明：（1）模拟结果的空间异质性随分辨率减小而减小,其平均值逐渐增加,且1月增幅大于7月,最大值随分辨率的变化不大,而最小值差异较大,标准差逐渐减小。（2）受海拔和地形遮蔽影响,平地和山脊处可照时数最多,海拔200-400m区间最少,400-1100m区域可照时数随海拔增加而增加。以10m分辨率结果为参照,30m、90m和900m分辨率下的差值随分辨率减小而增加,海拔<100m处差值最小,700-900m区域差值最大,1月日均多算0.7、1.4和2.9h,7月日均多算0.5、0.9和2.3h。（3）坡度0-55°范围内,可照时数随坡度增加而减少,30m、90m和900m分辨率与10m分辨率的差值随分辨率降低而增加,且最小差值均在<5°区域,最大差值在不同坡度等级,1月日均多算2.1、1.8和1.7h,而7月日均多算0.3、0.6和1.2h。（4）受太阳高度角和方位角影响,可照时数在南坡-北坡间的差异较大,东南-西南坡、东坡-西坡以及东北-西北坡之间差异较小,30m、90m和900m分辨率与10m分辨率的差值随分辨率降低而增加,在偏北坡,1月差值大于7月,最大差值在1月的北坡上,日均多算1.4、2.5和4.8h,在偏南坡上,1月差值小于7月,最大差值在7月的南坡或西南坡上,日均多算0.5、0.9和2.1h。  相似文献   

炭肥比和膨润土粘结剂对炭基肥颗粒理化及缓释特性的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

牛智有  刘鸣  牛文娟  邵恺怿  耿婕  唐震  黄金芝  周凯强 《农业工程学报》2020,36(2):219-227

为探究炭肥比和膨润土粘结剂对生物炭基肥理化及缓释特性的影响,以生物炭为基底,分别制备了炭肥比1:4,膨润土粘结剂质量分数为20%、15%、10%、5%和粘结剂质量分数10%,炭肥比为1:6、1:5、1:4、1:3的柱状尿素和氯化钾生物炭基肥颗粒,分析了生物炭基肥颗粒的理化及缓释特性。结果表明,在炭肥比为1:4条件下,膨润土粘结剂质量分数越高,生物炭基肥微观结构越紧密,力学和缓释特性越好,质量分数为20%时,氯化钾和尿素生物炭基肥平均抗压强度分别为286.78和281.27 N,前3天养分淋出率分别为45.53%和36.87%。在膨润土粘结剂质量分数为10%条件下,炭肥比越高,生物炭基肥缓释性能越好,炭肥比为1:3时,氯化钾和尿素生物炭基肥前3天养分淋出率分别为42.06%和40.32%。同时,氯化钾生物炭基肥表面孔隙先增后减,炭肥比为1:6和1:3的平均抗压强度分别为271.25和282.42 N。尿素生物炭基肥内部结构中孔隙变多,炭肥比为1:6时,平均抗压强度为最大值267.84 N。综合考虑,满足中等肥料浓度要求时,膨润土粘结剂质量分数为20%、炭肥比为1:4或膨润土粘结剂质量分数为10%、炭肥比为1:3的生物炭基肥成型配方较优。  相似文献