Environmentally friendly methods for controlling pine pitch canker     

J. Martín-García  R. Zas  A. Solla  S. Woodward  J. Hantula  E. J. Vainio  M. Mullett  C. Morales-Rodríguez  A. Vannini  P. Martínez-Álvarez  G. Pinto  A. Alves  J. Amaral  M. J. Wingfield  G. Fourie  E. T. Steenkamp  R. Ahumada  B. Šerá  A. V. Sanz-Ros  R. Raposo  M. Elvira-Recuenco  E. Iturritxa  T. R. Gordon  J. J. Diez 《Plant pathology》2019,68(5):843-860

Fusarium circinatum is a highly virulent invasive pathogen that causes the disease commonly known as pine pitch canker (PPC). On mature trees, the most common symptoms of PPC include resin bleeding, resinous cankers, wilting of needles and dieback. In nurseries the main symptoms are yellowish needles, and wilting of foliage and shoots. PPC is considered one of the most important diseases of conifers globally and at least 60 species of Pinus along with Pseudotsuga menziesii are known to be susceptible. Quarantine regulations are crucial to minimize the risk of new introductions into disease-free countries. However, if these measures fail, implementation of environmentally friendly control methods is currently encouraged in an integrated management approach that minimizes the use of chemicals in forests. This review therefore summarizes current knowledge of biological control using endophytic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and other environmentally friendly methods to control PPC, including thermotherapy, natural products with fungicidal effects, promoters of innate host resistance mechanisms and breeding for resistance. Key research gaps to be addressed for improvement of effective management of this disease are discussed.  相似文献   

Effect of soil chemical properties on growth,foliation and nutrition of Norway spruce stand affected by yellowing in the Bohemian Forest Mts., Czech Republic     

Stanislav Vacek  Michal Hejcman  Věra Semelová  Jiří Remeš  Vilém Podrázský 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(4):367-375

In 1998, a fertilizer experiment aiming to investigate the effects of slow-release N, P, K and Mg fertilizer (SILVAMIX Mg NPK^®) on a 60-year-old spruce stand with symptoms of yellowing was established. In this paper, trees were selected to investigate the relation between annual diameter increment, yellowing, foliation, needle and soil chemical properties: ten from the fertilized treatment (F), ten green trees from the control (CG) and ten yellow trees from the control (CY). CG and CY trees were growing in close proximity at a distance of only several meters apart under the same soil conditions. In treatment F, increased annual diameter increment, improved foliation, needle Mg concentration, plant-available Mg and P concentrations in the soil and absence of yellow trees were recorded 7 years after a single application of the fertilizer. During the last 15 years, annual growth increment and foliation of CY trees have continuously decreased while relatively stable values were recorded for CG trees and increased for F trees. In 2006, CG and CY trees differed significantly in Mg concentration in needles, foliation, yellowing and annual diameter increment. Although differences in soil chemical properties between CG and CY treatments were not significant, lower concentrations of plant-available Mg²⁺ and higher concentrations of H⁺ and Al³⁺ were found in soils under CY trees. There was a negative correlation between soil concentration of Mg and yellowing, but this correlation was relatively weak, indicating that there is no simple relation between soil and needle concentrations of Mg. In the investigated locality, the “new type” of yellow tree decline has been a long-term gradual process.  相似文献   

Effects of ethylnitrosourea on the hatchability and survival of chicks     

E. Petrovský  J. Grolmus  Jaromíra Kalová  J. Dubovský 《British poultry science》1981,22(2):85-91

1. Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of the mutagen ethylnitrosourea (ENU) at concentrations of 1.4 to 3 500 μg in 0.3 ml of saline (experiment 1) and 585 to 1 170 μg in 0.1 ml of saline (experiment 2) on hatching eggs of two breeds of fowls. Hatchability (experiment 1) and survival up to 7 d of age without food (experiment 2) were assessed. In experiment 1 the hens were fed on different diets prior to providing the hatching eggs.

2. The mutagen showed a non‐linear effect upon the hatchability, higher doses being less effective than small doses.

3. In the majority of cases, female embryos were more sensitive to the effect of ENU then male.

4. The mortality after hatching was also affected by ENU; the chicks from treated eggs surviving without food better than controls.  相似文献   

Screening of Phenolic Compounds Reveals Inhibitory Activity of Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid Against Three Enzymes Involved in the Regulation of Blood Glucose Level     

Irena Roškar  Borut Štrukelj  Mojca Lunder 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2016,71(1):88-89

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Falling through the cracks: the fading history of a large iconic predator          下载免费PDF全文

Francesco Ferretti  Gabriel Morey Verd  Bernard Seret  Jadranka Sulić Šprem  Fiorenza Micheli 《Fish and Fisheries》2016,17(3):875-889

Human impact on the oceans predates scientific observation, which for many animal populations has captured only recent changes. Such a limited knowledge can hamper finding optimal management and conservation strategies including setting appropriate recovery targets. Sawfishes are among the most endangered marine vertebrates in the ocean. Historical human impacts have resulted in sawfish extinction in many coastal areas around the world; however, in the Mediterranean Sea, their past presence and possible extinction have been debated for decades. Recently, it was concluded that the region never hosted resident populations because of unsuitable environmental conditions. Through an extensive bibliographic and archival search and an extinction analysis, we reconstructed the history of sawfishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Between 1576 and 1959, there were 48 independent accounts of the occurrence of two sawfish species (Pristis pristis, Pristidae and Pristis pectinata, Pristidae), including 24 documented catches. Sawfishes were mainly recorded in the western Mediterranean, in areas close to large rivers with light human impact. Most of the documented individuals were juveniles, suggesting local parturition. Extinction analyses yielded variable results and were affected by the sparseness of records but suggested that both species went extinct in the Mediterranean Sea in the 1960s–1970s. Our results challenge current assumptions on sawfish ecology and biogeography, offer new options for sawfish conservation in the Atlantic and highlight the importance of historical analyses for reconstructing ecosystem baselines and setting recovery targets.  相似文献   

Effects of 5 years of digestate application on biomass production and quality of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.)          下载免费PDF全文

V. Tilvikienė  A. Šlepetienė  Ž. Kadžiulienė 《Grass and Forage Science》2018,73(1):206-217

Anaerobic digestion of biomass produces biogas for combustion and also provides a residual digestate. Although sometimes regarded as a waste product, the nutrient‐rich chemical composition of digestate makes it a potential organic fertilizer for agriculture. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of digestate as a fertilizer on the biomass yield and chemical composition of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). In a 5‐year small‐plot field experiment digestate fertilization treatments supplying 90, 180, 270, 360 and 450 kg N ha^?1 were compared with untreated plots and plots fertilized with 180 kg N ha^?1 of mineral N fertilizer. Swards fertilized with digestate produced higher biomass yield compared with the control. The same rate of nitrogen fertilizer (180 kg N ha^?1) supplied as digestate and from mineral fertilizers gave similar results on biomass yield. Herbage in swards fertilized with digestate contained less nitrogen, but the C:N ratio was much more suitable for biogas production. Digestate fertilization resulted in higher concentrations of cellulose and hemicellulose in biomass and lower contents of the inhibitors of anaerobic digestion—sulphur, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus—compared with those of swards receiving mineral fertilizers.  相似文献   

First report of invasive brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) in Croatia          下载免费PDF全文

I. Šapina  L. Šerić Jelaska 《EPPO Bulletin》2018,48(1):138-143

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), has been spreading over Europe since the first documented records from Liechtenstein in 2004 and Switzerland in 2007. It is considered to be a pest in many agricultural crops and a household nuisance. In 2017 the species was observed in Croatia for the first time, in the city of Rijeka on the north Adriatic coast. Halyomorpha halys has already been recorded in three nearby countries (Italy, Hungary and Serbia), and therefore the arrival of this species had been expected from neighbouring populations or from distant sources via trading goods. To identify the pathway of entry, the haplotypes of H. halys (Stål, 1855) individuals were analysed by comparing a part of the mitochondrial COI gene with other haplotypes present in the GenBank database. Individual specimens shared the most common haplotype with nearby Italian and Hungarian populations.  相似文献   

Assessing the relationship between height growth and molecular genetic variation in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) provenances     

Charalambos Neophytou  Anna-Maria Weisser  Daniel Landwehr  Muhidin Šeho  Ulrich Kohnle  Ingo Ensminger  Henning Wildhagen 《European Journal of Forest Research》2016,135(3):465-481

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Predicting ash dieback severity and environmental suitability for the disease in forest stands     

Eva Chumanová  Dušan Romportl  Ludmila Havrdová  Daniel Zahradník  Vítězslava Pešková  Karel Černý 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2019,34(4):254-266

Ash dieback, caused by the ascomycete fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, has been rapidly expanding across Europe during the last two decades, posing a considerable threat to native ash populations. In this study, we applied regression-based models trained by field data, in conjunction with geographic information systems, to produce spatial predictions of ash dieback severity and environmental suitability for the disease in Czech forests. A model of actual ash dieback severity relates disease extent to silvicultural and environmental characteristics of forest stands and their neighbourhood, while a model of environmental suitability for the disease quantifies the relative susceptibility of sites to the disease, independent of the current silvicultural characteristics. The final predictive maps suggested that fertile lowlands and humid areas bordering Poland and Slovakia were the most endangered regions. Areas at the lowest risk of damage were concentrated in dry areas and in highland and mountain areas in the western part of the country, usually with poor soils on acid bedrock. Predictions of actual disease severity are an effective tool for guiding the current management of infested stands whereas predicting environmental suitability is useful for making long-term strategic decisions, e.g. identifying areas where future ash regeneration and cultivation may be unsuccessful.  相似文献   

The study of coloration and antibacterial efficiency of corona activated dyed polyamide and polyester fabrics loaded with Ag nanoparticles     

Vesna Ilić  Zoran Šaponjić  Vesna Vodnik  Darka Mihailović  Petar Jovančić  Jovan Nedeljković  Maja Radetić 《Fibers and Polymers》2009,10(5):650-656

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of dyeing on antibacterial efficiency of corona activated polyamide and polyester fabrics loaded with colloidal Ag nanoparticles as well as the influence of the presence of Ag nanoparticles on the color change of dyed fabrics. C.I. Acid Green 25 and C.I. Disperse Blue 3 were used for dyeing of polyamide fabrics and C.I. disperse violet 8 for polyester fabrics. The color change of polyamide fabrics depends on the dye type, which was generally lower compared to polyester fabrics. Antibacterial efficiency of Ag loaded fabrics was tested against Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Corona activated polyester and polyamide fabrics showed excellent antibacterial efficiency independently of order of dyeing and Ag loading. The morphology of fibers loaded with Ag nanoparticles was assessed by SEM and atomic absorption spectroscopy for elemental analysis.  相似文献