Risk factors for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome outbreaks in Vietnamese small stock farms     

VM Truong 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(4):199-207

AIM: To examine risk factors that could have played a role in the 2010 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) outbreak in Yenhung district, Quangninh province, North-Vietnam, with the purpose of establishing why existing control measures implemented after previous outbreaks had failed to prevent further outbreaks.

METHODS: A case-control study was carried out in Yenhung district. Data were obtained by an interview-based questionnaire survey. The sampling unit was households, which equated to small-scale pig farms. A total of 150 case and 150 control households were selected at communes affected by the 2010 PRRS epidemic during April to June. Risk factors were analysed using binary logistic regression and unconditional multiple logistic regression.

RESULTS: Households infected with PRRS were significantly associated with multiple variables belonging to three main groups: (1) location of the farms: i.e. farms positioned <1,000?m from a pig abattoir or within 500?m of local markets or 100?m of main roads; (2) farm management: i.e. where there was non-application of weekly farm disinfection, feeding uncooked swill, new introduction of purchased pigs without isolation, or usage of water from irrigation systems for raising pigs; (3) people and animal contact: i.e. where households kept animals with either no confinement or partial confinement, had visits by family members to other affected farms or had frequent visits by neighbours. The use of water from irrigation systems was found to be the risk factor most strongly associated with infected households in the 2010 outbreak (OR=22; 95% CI=12–42).

CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the epidemiology of PRRS in Quangninh province was linked to sociological and cultural practices, and that effective PRRS control needs an integrated approach coupled with behavioural changes in the pig raising practices of the general public. Failure to recognise this could explain why further outbreaks have occurred.  相似文献   

Detection of plant pathogens using real‐time PCR: how reliable are late Ct values?          下载免费PDF全文

M. Grosdidier  J. Aguayo  B. Marçais  R. Ioos 《Plant pathology》2017,66(3):359-367

Effective detection of pathogens from complex substrates is a challenging task. Molecular approaches such as real‐time PCR can detect pathogens present even in low quantities. However, weak real‐time PCR signals, as represented by high cycle threshold (C_t) values, may be questionable. Therefore, setting a reliable C_t threshold to declare a positive reaction is important for specific detection. In this study, five methods were assessed for their performance in determining a C_t cut‐off value. These methods were based on the widely used probability of detection (POD) or receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) approaches. Two important forest pathogens, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and Fusarium circinatum, were used to set up three experimental frameworks that combined two types of substrates (seed lots and spore traps) and different PCR machines. The ROC‐based method emerged as the most complete and flexible method under various experimental conditions. It was demonstrated that the ROC method leads to a cut‐off value below which late C_t results can reliably be considered indicative of positive test results. This cut‐off value must be determined for each experimental approach used. The method based on the distribution of a previously determined set of C_t values corresponding to false‐positives appeared to be better adapted to detecting false‐negative results, and thus useful for testing potentially invasive pathogens.  相似文献   

Behaviour and welfare of fattening lambs supplemented with varying sizes and types of straw     

Lorena A. Aguayo‐Ulloa  Maria Pascual‐Alonso  Csar Gonzlez‐Lagos  Genaro C. Miranda‐de la Lama  Morris Villarroel  Begoa Asenjo  Virginia Resconi  Gustavo A. María 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2019,103(6):1747-1757

The aim was to evaluate the effect of size (long or chopped wheat straw), type (barley or wheat) and presence/absence (1 week) of straw supplementation on behaviour and welfare of fattening lambs. Sixteen lambs (65 days) were individually housed to be used in two simultaneous experiments (8 lambs each) for 5 weeks of fattening. After a habituation period, they were offered straw that differed either in size (Experiment 1) or type (Experiment 2), which was followed by a week without straw and then reallocation of straw. Maintenance behaviours, play and stereotypies were analysed using video recording. Physiological stress responses were measured using blood samples taken at the end of the week without straw and after the reallocation of the straw. A preference test was performed during the last week. Concentrate and roughage consumption, average daily gain and conversion index were estimated. Lambs provided with long straw spent more time eating forage, playing and performed fewer stereotypies (Experiment 1). Lambs given wheat straw increased their play behaviour compared with those given barley straw, without affecting stereotypies (Experiment 2). When the straw was removed, lambs performed more behaviours associated with stress; however, this was not reflected in blood stress indicators. Lambs clearly preferred long straw over chopped straw, but no clear preference was observed between wheat and barley straw. The amount of forage intake was consistent with the time spent eating forage, but the amount of concentrate intake did not vary with eating concentrate behaviour, since the amount of concentrate intake was higher when the straw was removed, especially in Experiment 2. Our results show that size more than type of straw supplement impact the behaviour of lambs. Long straw reduces the stereotypies and increases play. This may improve the welfare and performance of fattening lambs, adding ethical value to a highly appreciated product.  相似文献   

Clinical evaluation of ketamine and lidocaine intravenous infusions to reduce isoflurane requirements in horses under general anaesthesia     

Alke K Enderle VM    Olivier L Levionnois† DVM  Diplomate ECVAA    Matthias Kuhn VM  & Urs Schatzmann† DVM  PhD  Diplomate ECVAA 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2008,35(4):297-305

ObjectiveTo compare isoflurane alone or in combination with systemic ketamine and lidocaine for general anaesthesia in horses.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded clinical trial.AnimalsForty horses (ASA I-III) undergoing elective surgery.MethodsHorses were assigned to receive isoflurane anaesthesia alone (ISO) or with ketamine and lidocaine (LKI). After receiving romifidine, diazepam, and ketamine, the isoflurane end-tidal concentration was set at 1.3% and subsequently adjusted by the anaesthetist (unaware of treatments) to maintain a light plane of surgical anaesthesia. Animals in the LKI group received lidocaine (1.5 mg kg⁻¹ over 10 minutes, followed by 40 μg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹) and ketamine (60 μg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹), both reduced to 65% of the initial dose after 50 minutes, and stopped 15 minutes before the end of anaesthesia. Standard clinical cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were monitored. Recovery quality was scored from one (very good) to five (very poor). Differences between ISO and LKI groups were analysed with a two-sample t-test for parametric data or a Fischer's exact test for proportions (p < 0.05 for significance). Results are mean ± SD.ResultsHeart rate was lower (p = 0.001) for LKI (29 ± 4) than for ISO (34 ± 6). End-tidal concentrations of isoflurane (ISO: 1.57% ± 0.22; LKI: 0.97% ± 0.33), the number of horses requiring thiopental (ISO: 10; LKI: 2) or dobutamine (ISO:8; LKI:3), and dobutamine infusion rates (ISO:0.26 ± 0.09; LKI:0.18 ± 0.06 μg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹) were significantly lower in LKI compared to the ISO group (p < 0.001). No other significant differences were found, including recovery scores.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThese results support the use of lidocaine and ketamine to improve anaesthetic and cardiovascular stability during isoflurane anaesthesia lasting up to 2 hours in mechanically ventilated horses, with comparable quality of recovery.  相似文献   

Opioid‐induced adverse effects in a Holstein calf          下载免费PDF全文

Emma Marchionatti  Hélène Lardé  Paulo VM Steagall 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2015,42(2):229-230

  相似文献   

Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl,lidocaine, ketamine,dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine‐ketamine‐dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs          下载免费PDF全文

Eduardo Gutierrez‐Blanco  José M Victoria‐Mora  José A Ibancovichi‐Camarillo  Carlos H Sauri‐Arceo  Manuel E Bolio‐González  Carlos M Acevedo‐Arcique  Gabriela Marin‐Cano  Paulo VM Steagall 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2015,42(3):309-318

ObjectiveTo evaluate the postoperative analgesic effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of either fentanyl (FENT), lidocaine (LIDO), ketamine (KET), dexmedetomidine (DEX), or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (LKD) in dogs.Study designRandomized, prospective, blinded, clinical study.AnimalsFifty-four dogs.MethodsAnesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Treatments were intravenous (IV) administration of a bolus at start of anesthesia, followed by an IV CRI until the end of anesthesia, then a CRI at a decreased dose for a further 4 hours: CONTROL/BUT (butorphanol 0.4 mg kg⁻¹, infusion rate of saline 0.9% 2 mLkg⁻¹ hour⁻¹); FENT (5 μg kg⁻¹, 10 μg kg⁻¹hour⁻¹, then 2.5 μg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹); KET (1 mgkg⁻¹, 40 μg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹, then 10 μg kg⁻¹minute⁻¹); LIDO (2 mg kg⁻¹, 100 μg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹, then 25 μg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹); DEX (1 μgkg⁻¹, 3 μg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹, then 1 μg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹); or a combination of LKD at the aforementioned doses. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated using the Glasgow composite pain scale, University of Melbourne pain scale, and numerical rating scale. Rescue analgesia was morphine and carprofen. Data were analyzed using Friedman or Kruskal–Wallis test with appropriate post-hoc testing (p < 0.05).ResultsAnimals requiring rescue analgesia included CONTROL/BUT (n = 8), KET (n = 3), DEX (n = 2), and LIDO (n = 2); significantly higher in CONTROL/BUT than other groups. No dogs in LKD and FENT groups received rescue analgesia. CONTROL/BUT pain scores were significantly higher at 1 hour than FENT, DEX and LKD, but not than KET or LIDO. Fentanyl and LKD sedation scores were higher than CONTROL/BUT at 1 hour.Conclusions and clinical relevanceLKD and FENT resulted in adequate postoperative analgesia. LIDO, CONTROL/BUT, KET and DEX may not be effective for treatment of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.  相似文献   

An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow     

Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau  Jaime Aguayo  Cyril Dutech  Katherine J. Hayden  Claude Husson  Boris Jakushkin  Benoît Marçais  Dominique Piou  Cécile Robin  Corinne Vacher 《Annals of Forest Science》2016,73(1):45-67

  相似文献   

Identification of New CTX Analogues in Fish from the Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos by Neuro-2a CBA and LC-HRMS     

ngels Tud  Maria Rambla-Alegre  Cintia Flores  Núria Sagrist  Paloma Aguayo  Laia Revert  Mnica Camps  Neide Gouveia  Carolina Santos  Karl B. Andree  Antonio Marques  Josep Caixach  Jorge Diogne 《Marine drugs》2022,20(4)

Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is caused by consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Presently CP is a public concern in some temperate regions, such as Macaronesia (North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Toxicity analysis was performed to characterize the fish species that can accumulate CTXs and improve understanding of the ciguatera risk in this area. For that, seventeen fish specimens comprising nine species were captured from coastal waters inMadeira and Selvagens Archipelagos. Toxicity was analysed by screening CTX-like toxicity with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). Afterwards, the four most toxic samples were analysed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirteen fish specimens presented CTX-like toxicity in their liver, but only four of these in their muscle. The liver of one specimen of Muraena augusti presented the highest CTX-like toxicity (0.270 ± 0.121 µg of CTX1B equiv·kg⁻¹). Moreover, CTX analogues were detected with LC-HRMS, for M. augusti and Gymnothorax unicolor. The presence of three CTX analogues was identified: C-CTX1, which had been previously described in the area; dihydro-CTX2, which is reported in the area for the first time; a putative new CTX m/z 1127.6023 ([M+NH₄]⁺) named as putative C-CTX-1109, and gambieric acid A.  相似文献   

Quality changes and nutrient retention in fresh-cut versus whole fruits during storage     

Gil MI  Aguayo E  Kader AA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(12):4284-4296

The influences of processing and storage on the quality indices and nutritional content of fresh-cut fruits were evaluated in comparison to whole fruits stored for the same duration but prepared on the day of sampling. Fresh-cut pineapples, mangoes, cantaloupes, watermelons, strawberries, and kiwifruits and whole fruits were stored for up to 9 days in air at 5 degrees C. The postcutting life based on visual appearance was shorter than 6 days for fresh-cut kiwifruit and shorter than 9 days for fresh-cut pineapple, cantaloupe, and strawberry. On the other hand, fresh-cut watermelon and mango pieces were still marketable after 9 days at 5 degrees C. Losses in vitamin C after 6 days at 5 degrees C were < or = 5% in mango, strawberry, and watermelon pieces, 10% in pineapple pieces, 12% in kiwifruit slices, and 25% in cantaloupe cubes. No losses in carotenoids were found in kiwifruit slices and watermelon cubes, whereas losses in pineapples were the highest at 25% followed by 10-15% in cantaloupe, mango, and strawberry pieces after 6 days at 5 degrees C. No significant losses in total phenolics were found in any of the fresh-cut fruit products tested after 6 days at 5 degrees C. Light exposure promoted browning in pineapple pieces and decreased vitamin C content in kiwifruit slices. Total carotenoids contents decreased in cantaloupe cubes and kiwifruit slices, but increased in mango and watermelon cubes in response to light exposure during storage at 5 degrees C for up to 9 days. There was no effect of exposure to light on the content of phenolics. In general, fresh-cut fruits visually spoil before any significant nutrient loss occurs.  相似文献   

Sierra Leone--investing in nutrition to reduce poverty: a call for action     

Aguayo VM  Scott S  Ross J;PROFILES Study Group 《Public health nutrition》2003,6(7):653-657

  相似文献