Hindsight in marine protected area selection: A comparison of ecological representation arising from opportunistic and systematic approaches     

Gretchen J.A. Hansen  Natalie C. Ban  Michael L. Jones  Les Kaufman  Hazel M. Panes  Maï Yasué  Amanda C.J. Vincent 《Biological conservation》2011,(6):1866-1875

Systematic approaches to site selection for marine protected areas (MPAs) are often favored over opportunistic approaches as a means to meet conservation objectives efficiently. In this study, we compared analytically the conservation value of these two approaches. We locate this study in Danajon Bank, central Philippines, where many MPAs were established opportunistically based on community preference, with few if any contributions from biophysical data. We began by identifying the biophysical data that would have been available when the first MPA was created in Danajon Bank (1995). We next used these data with the reserve selection software Marxan to identify MPAs that covered the same area as is protected under the current set of MPAs (0.32% of the total study area) and that would protect the greatest number of conservation targets at the lowest cost. We finally compared the conservation value of the current MPAs to the value of those selected by Marxan. Because of the dearth of biophysical data available in 1995 and the small area currently under protection, Marxan identified multiple configurations of MPAs that would protect the same percentage of conservation targets, with little differentiation among sites. Further, we discovered that the costs of obtaining and analyzing these data to be used for conservation planning would have been large relative to resources typically available to conservation planners in developing countries. Finally, we found that the current set of MPAs protected more ecological features than would be expected by chance, although not as many as could be protected using a systematic approach. Our results suggest that an opportunistic approach can be a valuable component of conservation planning, especially when biophysical data are sparse and community acceptance is a critical factor affecting the success of an MPA.  相似文献   

香港H5H1禽流感病毒对人类健康真正造成危害吗     

Les Sims  许峰  覃矜 《国外畜牧学(猪与禽)》2001,(3):54-55

香港流感的爆发在全世界产生恐慌 :一种流行的流感毒株正在各地作祟。严格的控制措施抑制了这一疾病 ,但是这种高致病性病毒的许多细节问题还没有弄清楚  相似文献   

Poultry Diseases and Meat Hygiene          下载免费PDF全文

Les Kumor 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1997,38(4):240

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Digestion in aged horses—Revisited     

Sarah L. Ralston  Karyn Malinowski  Rial Christensen  Les Breuer 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2001,21(7)

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Complex dynamics may limit prediction in marine fisheries     

Sarah M Glaser  Michael J Fogarty  Hui Liu  Irit Altman  Chih‐Hao Hsieh  Les Kaufman  Alec D MacCall  Andrew A Rosenberg  Hao Ye  George Sugihara 《Fish and Fisheries》2014,15(4):616-633

Complex nonlinear dynamics in marine fisheries create challenges for prediction and management, yet the extent to which they occur in fisheries is not well known. Using nonlinear forecasting models, we analysed over 200 time series of survey abundance and landings from two distinct ecosystems for patterns of dynamic complexity (dimensionality and nonlinear dynamics) and predictability. Differences in system dimensionality and nonlinear dynamics were associated with time series that reflected human intervention via fishing effort, implying the coupling between human and natural systems generated dynamics distinct from those detected in the natural resource subsystem alone. Estimated dimensionality was highest for landings and higher in abundance indices of unfished species than fished species. Fished species were more likely to display nonlinear dynamics than unfished species, and landings were significantly less predictable than abundance indices. Results were robust to variation in life history characteristics. Dynamics were predictable over a 1‐year time horizon in seventy percent of time series, but predictability declined exponentially over a 5‐year horizon. The ability to make predictions in fisheries systems is therefore extremely limited. To our knowledge, this is the first cross‐system comparative study, and the first at the scale of individual species, to analyse empirically the dynamic complexity observed in fisheries data and to quantify predictability broadly. We outline one application of short‐term forecasts to a precautionary approach to fisheries management that could improve how uncertainty and forecast error are incorporated into assessment through catch limit buffers.  相似文献   

Diagnostic dermatology          下载免费PDF全文

Hall J  Nicastro A  Gabor L 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2006,47(2):177, 179-177, 180

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A generalised individual‐based algorithm for modelling the evolution of quantitative herbicide resistance in arable weed populations          下载免费PDF全文

Chun Liu  Shiv S Kaundun  Les Glasgow  Micheal DK Owen  Paul Neve 《Pest management science》2017,73(2):462-474

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Socially induced stress and behavioural inhibition in response to angling exposure in rainbow trout     

Magnus Lovn Wallerius  Albin Grns  Barbara Koeck  David Berger  Erik Sandblom  Andreas Ekstrm  Robert Arlinghaus  Jrgen I. Johnsson 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2019,26(6):611-620

It is well known that fish can learn to avoid angling gear after experiencing a catch‐and‐release event, that is, after a private hooking experience. However, the possible importance of social information cues and their influence on an individual's vulnerability to angling remains largely unexplored, that is, social experience of a conspecific capture. The effects of private and social experience of hooking on the stress response of fish and subsequent catch rates were examined. Hatchery‐reared rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were implanted with heart rate loggers and experimentally subjected to private or social experience of hooking. Private and social experience of angling induced an increased heart rate in fish compared with naïve control fish. While private experience of hooking explained most of the reduced vulnerability to capture, no clear evidence was found that social experience of hooking affected angling vulnerability in fish that had never been hooked before. While both private and social experiences of angling constitute significant physiological stressors for rainbow trout, only the private experience reduces an individual's vulnerability to angling and in turn affecting population‐level catchability.  相似文献   

Intracranial meningioma causing internal ophthalmoparesis in a dog     

Webb AA  Cullen CL  Rose P  Eisenbart D  Gabor L  Martinson S 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2005,8(6):421-425

A 10-year-old, spayed female, Irish water spaniel was presented with a 2-week history of anisocoria characterized by mydriasis of the right eye compared to the left eye in ambient light. Ophthalmic and neurological examinations, combined with pharmacological testing, identified a disease process affecting the right parasympathetic nucleus of cranial nerve 3 (CN III) and/or the parasympathetic component of CN III. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified a mass involving the right midbrain and extending caudally to the rostral border of the medulla oblongata. The dog became comatose within 12 h following MRI and was euthanized. Histopathology identified the intracranial mass as a meningioma.  相似文献   

Screening and characterization of antiviral compounds from Enteromorpha flexuosa against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and its in vivo influence on Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus     

S. Velmurugan  N. Jerin  M. Michael Babu  F. Bindhu  S. Albin Dhas  T. Citarasu 《Aquaculture International》2015,23(1):65-80

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