Hidden declines in post-Soviet education     

Gorobets A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6042):523-524

  相似文献   

Dealing with data: fostering fidelity     

Finlayson AE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6024):1515

  相似文献   

Uncontrolled study assessing the impact of a psyllium-enriched extruded dry diet on faecal consistency in cats with constipation     

Freiche V  Houston D  Weese H  Evason M  Deswarte G  Ettinger G  Soulard Y  Biourge V  German AJ 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2011,13(12):903-911

Two field trials, involving 66 cats (15 trial 1; 51 trial 2) were conducted to assess the efficacy of a psyllium-enriched diet for management of constipation in cats. After investigations and faecal evacuation (by enema if required), all cats were fed on a moderate fibre, psyllium-enriched, dry extruded diet. Additional therapy was either not used (trial 1), or initially allowed but was subsequently withdrawn if possible (trial 2). The diet was well tolerated, and palatability was excellent. Most cases improved after initial therapy (at 2 months; trial 1: 14/15 [93%]; trial 2: 42/51 [82%]), and faecal consistency improved significantly in both trials (P < 0.001). Use of cisapride and lactulose decreased significantly in trial 2 (P < 0.001 for both). The diets used in these pilot studies were efficient in the management of recurrent feline constipation. Randomised control trials are now recommended to examine whether a clinical benefit can be proven.  相似文献   

Efficacy of iopanoic acid for treatment of spontaneous hyperthyroidism in cats     

Gallagher AE  Panciera DL 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2011,13(6):441-447

Iopanoic acid is an iodine containing oral cholecystographic agent that has been used to treat hyperthyroidism in humans and has recently been evaluated in an experimental model of feline hyperthyroidism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of iopanoic acid in cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism. Eleven cats were included in the study. Eight were treated initially with 50mg orally q 12h and three were treated with 100mg orally q 12h. Prior to treatment (baseline) and at 2, 4, and 12 weeks of treatment, owner questionnaires, physical exams, complete blood count, biochemistry analyses, and T(3) and T(4) concentrations were evaluated. The mean serum T(3) concentration decreased with treatment at all time periods compared to baseline. Mean T(4) concentrations were increased at weeks 4 and 12 compared to baseline. Five cats had a partial response during the initial 4 weeks of therapy, but the effects were transient and no significant improvements in clinical signs or physical exam findings were noted at any time period. Results suggest that iopanoic acid may be beneficial for acute management of thyrotoxicosis in some cats, but is not suitable for long-term management.  相似文献   

Genetic diversity of the ordinary strain of Potato virus Y (PVY) and origin of recombinant PVY strains     

Karasev AV  Hu X  Brown CJ  Kerlan C  Nikolaeva OV  Crosslin JM  Gray SM 《Phytopathology》2011,101(7):778-785

The ordinary strain of Potato virus Y (PVY), PVY(O), causes mild mosaic in tobacco and induces necrosis and severe stunting in potato cultivars carrying the Ny gene. A novel substrain of PVY(O) was recently reported, PVY(O)-O5, which is spreading in the United States and is distinguished from other PVY(O) isolates serologically (i.e., reacting to the otherwise PVY(N)-specific monoclonal antibody 1F5). To characterize this new PVY(O)-O5 subgroup and address possible reasons for its continued spread, we conducted a molecular study of PVY(O) and PVY(O)-O5 isolates from a North American collection of PVY through whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In all, 44 PVY(O) isolates were sequenced, including 31 from the previously defined PVY(O)-O5 group, and subjected to whole-genome analysis. PVY(O)-O5 isolates formed a separate lineage within the PVY(O) genome cluster in the whole-genome phylogenetic tree and represented a novel evolutionary lineage of PVY from potato. On the other hand, the PVY(O) sequences separated into at least two distinct lineages on the whole-genome phylogenetic tree. To shed light on the origin of the three most common PVY recombinants, a more detailed phylogenetic analysis of a sequence fragment, nucleotides 2,406 to 5,821, that is present in all recombinant and nonrecombinant PVY(O) genomes was conducted. The analysis revealed that PVY(N:O) and PVY(N-Wi) recombinants acquired their PVY(O) segments from two separate PVY(O) lineages, whereas the PVY(NTN) recombinant acquired its PVY(O) segment from the same lineage as PVY(N:O). These data suggest that PVY(N:O) and PVY(N-Wi) recombinants originated from two separate recombination events involving two different PVY(O) parental genomes, whereas the PVY(NTN) recombinants likely originated from the PVY(N:O) genome via additional recombination events.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

George H. Axinn  Shelley Feldman  Pat Barnes-McConnell  Michele Lipner  Jere L. Gilles  J. Kathy Parker  William M. Alexander  Judith Krieger  J. P. Brien  James P. Stansbury  Kathleen Staudt  Marcy Rosenbaum  Norman Uphoff  Alan Long  Jere L. Gilles  Constance M. McCorkle  David Brokensha  Kimberley Lucas  Carrie R. Johnston  Robert Lawless 《Agriculture and Human Values》1988,5(1-2):124-168

  相似文献   

Plutonium-244: confirmation as an extinct radioactivity     

Alexander EC  Lewis RS  Reynolds JH  Michel MC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1971,172(3985):837-840

The mass spectrum of xenon from spontaneous fission in a laboratory sample of plutonium-244 is precisely what meteoriticists predicted it would be; this discovery completes a web of proof that this nuclide is a bona fide extinct radioactivity of galactic origin, that r-process nucleosynthesis was ongoing in the galaxy at the time of the birth of the sun, and that the early meteoritic abundances of plutonium-244, heretofore tentative, can be utilized with confidence in models for the chronology of galactic nucleosynthesis. The search for an explanation for anomalous fission-like xenon in carbonaceous chondrites can now be narrowed.  相似文献   

Sildenafil and Bosentan Improve Arterial Oxygenation During Acute Hypoxic Exercise: A Controlled Laboratory Trial     

I. Mark Olfert PhD  Alexander Loeckinger MD  Benedikt Treml MD  Martin Faulhaber PhD  Markus Flatz PhD  Martin Burtscher MD  PhD  Susanne Truebsbach MD  Axel Kleinsasser MD 《The Forestry Chronicle》2011,22(3):211-221

  相似文献   

Estimations of total ecosystem carbon pools distribution and carbon biomass current annual increment of a moist tropical forest   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Adrien N. Djomo  Alexander KnohlGode Gravenhorst 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(8):1448-1459

With increasing CO₂ in the atmosphere, there is an urgent need of reliable estimates of biomass and carbon pools in tropical forests, most especially in Africa where there is a serious lack of data. Information on current annual increment (CAI) of carbon biomass resulting from direct field measurements is crucial in this context, to know how forest ecosystems will affect the carbon cycle and also to validate eddy covariance flux measurements. Biomass data were collected from 25 plots of 13 ha spread over the different vegetation types and land uses of a moist evergreen forest of 772,066 ha in Cameroon. With site-specific allometric equations, we estimated biomass and aboveground and belowground carbon pools. We used GIS technology to develop a carbon biomass map of our study area. The CAI was estimated using the growth rates obtained from tree rings analysis. The carbon biomass was on average 264 ± 48 Mg ha⁻¹. This estimate includes aboveground carbon, root carbon and soil organic carbon down to 30 cm depth. This value varied from 231 ± 45 Mg ha⁻¹ of carbon in Agro-Forests to 283 ± 51 Mg ha⁻¹ of carbon in Managed Forests and to 278 ± 56 Mg ha⁻¹ of carbon in National Park. The carbon CAI varied from 2.54 ± 0.65 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in Agro-Forests to 2.79 ± 0.72 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in Managed Forests and to 2.85 ± 0.72 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in National Park. This study provides estimates of biomass, carbon pools and CAI of carbon biomass from a forest landscape in Cameroon as well as an appropriate methodology to estimate these components and the related uncertainty.  相似文献   

A fast method coupling ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection for flavonoid quantification in citrus fruit extracts     

Medina-Remón A  Tulipani S  Rotchés-Ribalta M  Mata-Bilbao Mde L  Andres-Lacueva C  Lamuela-Raventos RM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(12):6353-6359

Flavonoids are a widely distributed group of polyphenolic compounds present in an extensive range of edible plants, notably Citrus species. This article reports a rapid, optimized, and validated method for the separation and quantification of flavonoids in three Citrus fruit extracts by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) using a photodiode array detector. This new procedure allowed the simultaneous separation and quantification of 11 selected flavonoids in 5.5 min, 8.2 times faster than that by HPLC analysis. The solvent consumption for each individual analysis was also reduced almost 6.2-fold. The most abundant component in the analyzed samples was naringin (299.06-544.36 mg 100 g?1), followed by rutin (116.60-256.33 mg 100 g?1) and quercetin (7.78-251.49 mg 100 g?1). Isoquercitrin was found in a lower proportion (60.05-81.88 mg 100 g?1). The method was completely validated, providing a sensitive analysis for flavonoid detection and showing satisfactory data for all the parameters tested. This methodology is cheaper, more environmentally friendly, and easier to perform than others previously described.  相似文献