Prenatal Development of the Eye Tunics in the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)     

M. Abdo  Y. Z. Hosaka  A. Erasha  M. Nada  S. Ali  M. Uehara 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2014,43(4):257-264

Studies of ocular development in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) have not been reported previously. The aim of the present investigation was therefore to document the major landmarks and the time course in the prenatal development of the eye tunics in dromedary camel and its accommodation with the surrounding hard environment of the desert. Serial histological sections of dromedary camel embryos and foetuses were used. Age estimation was made on the basis of gestational size, crown vertebral‐rump length (CVRL), which ranged 1.2–110 cm. The eye of the dromedary camel developed in a similar manner to that of the human and domestic animals eyes; the principal differences were in the time of occurrence of certain developmental events, pigmented peripheral cornea near the limbus, a remarkably thickened Descemet's membrane and pigmentation in the corneo‐scleral junction, which represent an adaptive modification in relation to a severe environment.  相似文献   

Herbaceous species diversity in relation to fire severity in Zagros oak forests,Iran     

Morteza Pourreza  Seyed Mohsen Hosseini  Ali Akbar Safari Sinegani  Mohammad Matinizadeh  Seyed Jalil Alavai 《林业研究》2014,25(1):113-120

Zagros forests are mainly covered byQuercus brantii L. coppices and oak sprout clumps occupy the forest area like patches. We investigated post-fire herbaceous diversity in the first growing season after fire. For this purpose neighboring burned and unburned areas were selected with the same plant species and ecological conditions. The data were collected from areas subjected to different fire severities. Overall 6 treatments were considered with respect to fire severity and the mi-crosites of inside and outside of oak sprout clumps including： unburned inside and outside of sprout clumps （Ni and No）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with high fire severity （H）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with moderate fire severity （M）, outside of sprout clumps that burned with low fire severity （OH and OM）. Different herbaceous com-position was observed in the unburned inside and outside of oak sprout clumps. The species diversity and richness were increased in treatments burned with low and moderate fire severity. However, in treatment burned with high fire severity （H）, herbaceous cover was reduced, even-ness was increased, and richness and diversity were not significantly changed. We concluded that besides the microsites conditions in forest, fire severity is an inseparable part of the ecological effect of fire on her-baceous composition.  相似文献   

Determination of Heat Requirements and Effective Heat Summations of Some Pomegranate Cultivars Grown in Southern Anatolia     

Ali Ikinci  Mehmet Mamay  Levent Unlu  Ibrahim Bolat  Sezai Ercisli 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2014,56(4):131-138

Temperature (high and low) is one of the most limiting environmental factors for growth and production of fruits in different parts of the world. For temperate-zone fruit species, a certain total heat requirements are needed in order to obtain ripe fruits. The aim of this study was to determine heat requirements of three commercial pomegranate cultivars (‘Suruc’, ‘Katirbasi’ and ‘Hicaznar’) grown in Southern Anatolia region. The cultivars showed a narrower range of heat requirements for flowering (growing degree hours, GDH), i.e. ‘Suruc’ (25,000), ‘Katirbasi’ (25,270), ‘Hicaznar’ (28,000) and a wide range of heat requirements for fruit ripening, i.e. ‘Suruc’ (73,670), ‘Katirbasi’ (74,105) and ‘Hicaznar’ (88,052) GDH. Under the Sanliurfa province conditions, two years average of effective heat summation requirement from bud swelling to 50 % flowering stage for ‘Suruc’, ‘Katirbasi’ and ‘Hicaznar’ cultivars are calculated as 643, 655 and 718 growing degree days (GDD) and from bud swelling to harvest are 2734, 2802 and 3289 GDD. It can be concluded that the effective heat summation of Sanliurfa province is enough for commercial growing for all pomegranate cultivars.  相似文献   

Rates of inbreeding and genetic diversity in Iranian Holstein Cattle     

Mohsen Dadar  Saeid Ansari Mahyari  Mohammad Rokouei  Mohammd Ali Edriss 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(10):888-894

The accumulation of inbreeding and the loss of genetic diversity is a potential problem in Holstein dairy cattle. The goal of this study was to estimate inbreeding levels and other measures of genetic diversity, using pedigree information from Iranian Holstein cattle. Edited pedigree included 1 048 572 animals. The average number of discrete generation equivalents and pedigree completeness index reached 13.4 and 90%, respectively. The rate of inbreeding was 0.3% per year. Effective number of founders, founder genomes, non‐founders and ancestors of animals born between 2003 and 2011 were 503, 15.6, 16.1 and 25.7, respectively. It was proven that the unequal founder contributions as well as bottlenecks and genetic drift were important reasons for the loss of genetic diversity in the population. The top 10 ancestors with the highest marginal genetic contributions to animals born between 2003 and 2011 and with the highest contributions to inbreeding were 48.20% and 63.94%, respectively. Analyses revealed that the most important cause of genetic diversity loss was genetic drift accumulated over non‐founder generations, which occurred due to small effective population size. Therefore, it seems that managing selection and mating decisions are controlling future co‐ancestry and inbreeding, which would lead to better handling of the effective population size.  相似文献   

Dynamics of appetite in three fish species (Gasterosteus aculeatus, Phoxinus phoxinus and Carassius auratus gibelio) after feed deprivation     

M Ali  Yibo Cui  Xiaoming Zhu  & R J Wootton 《Aquaculture Research》2001,32(6):443-450

The temporal dynamics of appetite (weight of food consumed per day) were analysed for fish fed to satiation after a 1 or 2-week period of feed deprivation. Three species were compared: two omnivores (minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus and gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio) and a carnivore (three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus). All species showed compensatory changes in appetite and growth during the re-feeding period but in the stickleback, there was a lag of a week before the compensatory response was detected. The temporal dynamics of appetite differed between the three species but not within a species. Appetite of the minnow declined towards control levels from the onset of re-feeding. In gibel carp, appetite increased to a peak and then declined to control levels. In the stickleback, appetite was initially below control levels, increased to a maximum, then declined towards control levels. The differences between the species might have been artefacts of the experimental protocols used but could also reflect underlying differences in the control of appetite in these species of fish.  相似文献   

Development of an Iron-enriched High-yieldings Indica Rice Cultivar by Introgression of A High-iron Trait from Transgenic Iron-biofortified Rice     

Soumitra Paul  Nusrat Ali  Swapan K Datta  Karabi Datta 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2014,69(3):203-208

Low level of iron in staple food crops is one reason for the predominance of iron-deficiency anemia in developing countries. Most of the iron in rice grains accumulates in the outer aleurone layer and embryo, which are removed during milling, and the edible endosperm contains very low amounts of iron. In an effort to increase iron nutrition, we report here the transgene introgression of a high-iron trait into a high-yielding indica rice cultivar. The ferritin gene from soybean (soyfer1) was introduced into rice plants through interbreeding between soybean ferritin-overexpressing transgenic IR68144 and the high-yielding cultivar Swarna. The stable integration of the soyfer1 gene was confirmed in the BC₂F₄ generation, and the hybrid seeds showed 2.6-fold soybean ferritin gene expression over the recurrent parent Swarna. The hybrid milled seeds revealed a 2.54-fold increase in iron and 1.54-fold increase in zinc compared to Swarna. Agronomic data and an SSR marker analysis of the hybrid rice plants were taken into account for NIL character identification.  相似文献   

能源植物斑茅在不同生长时期的产量与组分变化     

闫芸芸  刘健  甘礼惠  余小龙  龙敏南  Nasir Ali 《热带作物学报》2014,35(12):2349-2354

研究不同时期斑茅产量及其化学组分的变化。结果表明:斑茅生物质产量在11月达到最高,其后开始下降;整个生长发育过程中茎叶生物质产量比呈现上升趋势;含水量随生长发育的进行显著降低;叶片灰分含量全年最低为5月,从10月份开始显著增加,至12月份达到最高。茎秆灰分含量略低于叶片,全年最低为10月,最高为7月,变化幅度不大。叶片中木质素含量全年由高到低排列顺序为12月11月9月10月7月8月6月;茎秆中木质素含量全年由高到低排列顺序为12月11月9月7月8月10月6月。10月份茎秆含水量低,灰分含量最低,热值较高,结合产量和燃料品质考虑其更适于直接燃烧,而9月份叶片则更加适于作为生物转化的材料。  相似文献   

Wicking properties of polyamide 66 twisted nanofiber yarn by tracing the color alteration in yarn structure     

F. Hajiani  A. A. Ghareaghaji  Ali. A. A. Jeddi  S. H. Amirshahi  F. Mazaheri 《Fibers and Polymers》2014,15(9):1966-1976

In view of the interest in wicking properties of these flexible structures, analysis of the wicking phenomena in nylon 6.6 nanofiber yarns is carried out by considering the twist rate effects. A novel method is used based on adding a pH-sensitive dye to yarn interstructure and the analysis of color alteration of nanofiber yarn structure, resulting from a shift in pH, during the capillary rise of distilled water. The results show that the addition of pH- sensitive dye has no influence on the average nanofiber diameter and the wicking behavior of yarns. This study shows that in short durations, the kinetic of the capillary rise follows the Lucas-Washburn equation. The Lambertw, a mathematical function, has been incorporated, which helps measure an equivalent structural factor of nanofiber yarns and vertical wicking height at any given time considering the gravitational effects. The statistical results show that the average of equilibrium wicking height and capillary rise rate coefficient tend to decrease with increasing the nanofiber yarn twist, due to the reduction of continuity and size of capillaries.  相似文献   

Synthesis and characterization of novel reactive dyes with simultaneous insect-repellent and anti-bacterial properties     

Javad Mokhtari  Ali Shams-Nateri  Parnian Ferdosi 《Fibers and Polymers》2014,15(7):1369-1374

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is widely used as an insect-repellent. Sulfonamides are an important class of anti-bacterial drugs. In order to combine the strength of anti-bacterial activities of sulfonamides and insect-repellent property of DEET, three azo reactive dyes were designed and synthesized. To do this, the diazoniom salts of sulfonamides viz. 4-amino-N-(4-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl) benzene sulfonamide, 4-amino-N-(4-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) benzene sulfonamide and 4-amino-N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) benzene sulfonamide were prepared using HCl and NaNO₂. The resulting diazoniom salts were then coupled to the coupling component containing N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide to produce the novel dyes. The synthesized dyes were filtered off and then purified. To investigate and analyze the dyes, analytical methods such as ¹H-NMR, FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, and elemental analysis were used. Consequently, the anti-bacterial activities of dyes were measured with E. coli and P. aeruginosa as a Gram-negative strain and S. aureus and S. mutans as a Gram-positive strain according to MIC method. The insect-repellent efficacy of the dyes was studied using standard methods for Anophle mosquito repellent. The results confirmed anti-bacterial and insect-repellent activity of the dyes.  相似文献   

Circular Disc Blade Considerations in Soil Force Prediction Modelling     

Ali Khosravani Goshtasb  ;Jack Desbiolles  ;John Fielke 《农业科学与技术》2014,(5):371-383

Previous soil-disc force prediction models have considered spherical and concave blades, as used on disc ploughs and harrows, with many simplifying assumptions. This study proposes an approach applying the fundamental equation of earth moving mechanics for calculating the soil passive reaction acting on a rotating fiat disc blade as used on a zero-till single disc seeder. The study considers the effects of disc variable depth of cut, sweep and tilt angles, free rotation and a scrubbing reaction at the beveled edge. This paper outlines the modeling approach and prediction results for a fixed circular blade operating at 90° sweep angle over a range of speeds and at two tilt angles. To account for the varying depth across the circular disc shape width, elemental wide blade force reactions acting on wide blade segments of elemental width were integrated across the disc working width. By including inertia forces due to speed as well as additional bulldozing forces due to the loose soil accumulation in front of the blade the draught and upward vertical forces acting on the vertical disc blade were predicted with a deviation of 6%-19% and 1.5%-14% from measured data, respectively. The model was able to predict the effect of increasing the tilt angle from 0° to 20° on reducing both draught and upward vertical forces. Further development and validation of the model will be described in subsequent papers, reflecting a step by step approach of increasing complexity to model a disc blade as used on a zero-till single disc seeding system.  相似文献