Cyhalofop application timing and adjuvant selection for Echinochloa crus-galli control in rice     

Prashant Jha  Jason K. NorsworthyRobert C. Scott 《Crop Protection》2010

Field experiments were conducted in Stuttgart, Arkansas, in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate cyhalofop application timing and adjuvant selection for Echinochloa crus-galli L. Beauv. (barnyardgrass) control in drill-seeded rice. In the application timing experiment, cyhalofop was applied at 1 d prior to flooding (PREFL) and at 7, 14, and 21 d post-flood (POSTFL) as single (314 g a.i./ha) or sequential application (first application at 314 g a.i./ha followed by a second application 14 days later at 213 g a.i./ha). In the adjuvant study, the adjuvants evaluated were non-ionic surfactant (NIS) at 0.25% v/v, crop oil concentrate (COC) at 1% v/v, methylated seed oil (MSO) at 1% v/v, 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) at 2.5% v/v, combination of NIS or COC or MSO with UAN, a proprietary blend of MSO/organosilicone (OSL)/UAN at 2.5% v/v, and MSO/OSL/UAN applied with NIS or COC. All adjuvants applied with cyhalofop (314 g a.i./ha at 14 d after flood establishment) resulted in E. crus-galli control and rice yields comparable to cyhalofop alone. In 2007, a single application of cyhalofop controlled E. crus-galli 98–100% by the end of the season, except in the 14-d POSTFL timing (90%). In 2008, E. crus-galli plants were more robust, and control was inconsistent and less than in 2007 (10–91%). At the PREFL timing, sequential applications were needed to improve end-of-season E. crus-galli control. The 7-d POSTFL timing was one of the best single application timings for increased E. crus-galli control and rice yield. Delaying the cyhalofop application to 21-d POSTFL resulted in unacceptable E. crus-galli control of 10 and 46% with single and sequential programs, respectively. Average rice yield was reduced almost three-fold when the first cyhalofop application was at 21-d POSTFL compared with 7-d POSTFL.  相似文献   

Artificial neural network for the estimation of soil moisture and surface roughness     

Abhishek Pandey  S. K. Jha  J. K. Srivastava  R. Prasad 《Russian Agricultural Sciences》2010,36(6):428-432

Estimation of the soil moisture and soil roughness by using microwave data with less complex and fast method is a significant area of research today. For this purpose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based algorithm is used and tested in present study. The ANN model is calibrated and tested with the experimentally obtained data by using X-band scatterometer for different field roughness 3.78, 1.83 and 1.63 cm and at fixed value of soil moisture 22.8%. The measurement of scattering coefficient was carried out over a range of incidence angle from 20° to 70° by 5° steps for both the HH (horizontal transmitter and horizontal receiver) and VV (vertical transmitter and vertical receiver) polarization. Two training algorithm of Feed Forward Backpropagation neural network namely Levenberg-Marquardt (TRAINLM) and Gradient-Descent (TRAINGD) were used for analysis. The performance of the ANN models with different algorithm is evaluated by comparing the direct measured value of soil roughness and soil moisture with the soil roughness and soil moisture estimated by the ANN. Our work suggests that ANN model with training algorithm (TRAINLM) is more suitable for the soil moisture and surface roughness prediction in comparison to (TRAINGD) and ANN modeling may be the promising alternative for the soil moisture and surface roughness estimation. The main advantage of the ANN approach for the surface roughness and soil moisture estimation is its potential for world wide reporting.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary microbial levan on growth performance,RNA/DNA ratio and some physio‐biochemical responses of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) juveniles          下载免费PDF全文

S.K. Gupta  A.K. Pal  N.P. Sahu  A.K. Jha  S. Kumar 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2015,21(6):892-903

Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric semi‐purified diets were prepared with different levels of microbial levan: control (Basal), T1 (Basal + 2.5 g kg^?1 diet), T2 (Basal + 5 g kg^?1 diet), T3 (Basal + 7.5 g kg^?1 diet), T4 (Basal + 10 g kg^?1 diet) and T5 (Basal + 12.5 g kg^?1 diet), fed to six groups of fish in triplicate tanks. The results of the 60 days feeding trail showed that supplementation of dietary levan significantly affected the weight gain percentage and specific growth rate of the treatment groups fed at 10 g kg^?1 or more levan. Lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) value and highest survival percentage among levan fed groups were observed with 12.5 g kg^?1 incorporation (T5) and was comparable with (T4) group. Significant increase in muscle RNA level and RNA/DNA ratio was observed with the increasing dietary levan. Fish fed 12.5 g kg^?1 levan had significantly higher protease, amylase and lipase activities compare with the control group. Lowest Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in the liver and muscle was observed in the T5 group fed with highest level of dietary levan. Overall results conclude that dietary microbial levan incorporation at 12.5 g kg^?1 could be used as potent dietary prebiotic for the culture of L. rohita juveniles.  相似文献   

Effects of supplemental xylanase and xylooligosaccharides on production performance and gut health variables of broiler chickens     

Amit K.Singh  Birendra Mishra  Michael R.Bedford  Rajesh Jha 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2022,(1):166-180

Background:This study evaluated the effects of supplemental xylanase and xylooligosaccharides(XOS)in a cornsoybean meal(SBM)-based diet on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers.A total of 288 day-old chicks(Cobb 500)were allocated to 36 floor pens(8 birds/pen)equally in 9 dietary treatments in a 3×3 factorial arrangement.The treatments were combinations of 3 levels of xylanase(0,0.005% and 0.01% Econase XT)and 3 levels of prebiotics(0,0.005% and 0.01% XOS)added to basal mash diets formulated in three phases(starter,d 0-14;grower,d 15-28;finisher,d 29-42).The feed intake and body weights were recorded weekly.On d 42,ileal sections were collected for histomorphometric and gene expression analysis,and cecal content was collected for determining short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)and microbiota.Results:Xylanase linearly(P<0.01)increased the average daily gain(ADG)in both the finisher and total period and the final body weight gain(FBWG,2940&2932 vs.2760 g)of broilers.XOS did not significantly increase either ADG or FBWG(P>0.05).Supplemental xylanase and XOS did not affect average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio(P>0.05).Xylanase and XOS did not change villus height(VH)or crypt depth(CD)ratio(P>0.05).However,xylanase exhibited a trend(P=0.097)on VH:CD ratio.The inclusion of 0.01%XOS without xylanase increased the level of IL-10(a marker of anti-inflammatory cytokine)and IL-4(a T-cell differentiation cytokine)genes compared with control(P<0.05).The acetate production was increased by xylanase(P<0.01)and XOS(P<0.05)without an additive effect.Xylanase increased total SCFA(P<0.01)while XOS had a tendency to increase(P=0.052).Alpha and beta diversity of microbiota among treatments were not different(P>0.05).However,the mean proportion of family Ruminococcaceae was increased by the supplemental 0.01% xylanase(P<0.01).Conclusion:It can be concluded that XOS can enhance cecal fermentation,while xylanase can increase the body weight gain along with the fermentation metabolites in the ceca of broilers fed the corn-SBM-based diet but the effects may not always translate into an improved mucosal absorptive capacity and a better feed efficiency.  相似文献   

Nutrients,amino acid,fatty acid and non‐starch polysaccharide profile and in vitro digestibility of macadamia nut cake in swine          下载免费PDF全文

Utsav P. Tiwari  Rajesh Jha 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(8):1093-1099

The highly variable cost and limited availability of conventional feedstuffs make it imperative to explore alternative feedstuffs to be used in swine. Macadamia nut cake (MNC), a coproduct of the macadamia nut oil industry, has not been well studied. MNC was analyzed for its nutrient profile, gross energy (GE), fibers, amino acids and fatty acids content. Dry matter (DM) and GE digestibility of MNC in swine was determined using an in vitro model. On a DM basis, ash, crude protein, ether extract, NDF, ADF, lignin and GE were found to be 3.7, 25.5, 11.9, 35.8, 28.0, 16.0% and 5581 kcal/kg, respectively. Total and soluble non‐starch polysaccharide content were 32.2 and 11.8%, respectively. The concentration of lysine was found to be 0.7%. The DM and GE digestibility were found to be 75.7 and 71.4%, respectively. Gross energy content of MNC is comparable with that of corn and higher than soybean meal, while protein content is twice as high as corn but lower than soybean meal. In conclusion, MNC is not merely a good source of protein and energy but also has fairly high digestibility in swine. Hence, it can be used as a viable alternative source of energy and protein in swine diets.  相似文献   

In vitro tuberisation of Gloriosa superba L. on basal medium     

Seemanti Ghosh  Biswajit Ghosh  Sumita Jha 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007

A suitable protocol for in vitro tuber production using non-dormant tubers of Gloriosa superba L. on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without addition of plant growth regulators is reported in the present study. Among the different basal media tested MS medium was found to be suitable for induction and development of secondary tubers; one in vitro tuber per explant was obtained after 6 weeks and 3 tubers per explant after 12 weeks of culture. These tubers produced healthy green shoots that rooted on basal medium. Best rooting was noted in half strength (half organics and inorganics) MS medium with one-fifth nitrates.  相似文献   

Improving productivity of Bauhinia purpurea for tree planting farmers in Nepal     

Prem Kant Jha  Lohendra P. Dhakal  Erik D. Kjær  Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,67(3):273-278

Shortage of fodder is a major constraint to livestock production in Nepal. The genetic variation in canopy biomass production of Bauhinia purpurea L, a very important fodder species in Nepal, was estimated in a Breeding Seed Orchard in order to examine the potential of simple, low input breeding. Substantial genetic variation could be observed suggesting that low input breeding based on simple phenotypic selection can provide biomass gain in the order of 2–5% per year. Very high correlation was observed between stem diameter (cross section area) and total biomass, making farmer based selection relevant. Jointly, these results suggest that low input domestication is a promising option for improving fodder production in Nepal and thereby help to improve rural livelihood and development. A multiple population approach is recommended.  相似文献   

Effects of shade on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and growth of crops and tree seedlings in Central India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ashok Shukla  Anil Kumar  Anuradha Jha  Om Prakash Chaturvedi  Rajendra Prasad  Ajit Gupta 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(1):95-109

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different light intensities (25, 50, 67, and 100% of full sun [open]) on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and growth of two intercrops (a rainy season crop, Phaseolus mungo Roxb. var. PU-35 and a winter crop, Triticum aestivum L. var. WH-147) and seedlings of two multipurpose tree species (Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. [Clone C-7, ITC, Bhadrachalam] and Albizia procera Benth.) of Central India. The results showed that various plant growth parameters viz., shoot length, dry weight and phosphorus (P) uptake were adversely affected by low light intensity. Inoculations with AM fungi (Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe, Glomus intraradix Schenck & Smith and an unidentified Glomus species) increased the plant growth on account of all measured parameters under tested light conditions. Mycorrhizal efficiency of different AM fungi varied in narrow range. AM inoculants were more efficient at higher light intensity in above mentioned plant species, except wheat. Data on colonization of P. mungo, T. aestivum, E. tereticornis and A. procera showed that formation of arbuscules, vesicles and sporocarp was delayed by lower light intensity. Colonization index of host roots and spore counts increased with increase in light intensity during successive months after inoculation. Data on effect of light regimes on microclimate of net house showed that lux meter reading decreased as per grades of shading nets used during both rainy and winter seasons. With increase in light intensity, ambient temperature, soil surface temperature and sub surface temperature at 15 cm depth increased, except that the ambient and soil surface temperature in control (open) were slightly lower than net house observations during January and February. Value of ambient temperature varied in narrow range, with in treatments as compared to soil surface and sub soil surface temperature at 15 cm depth. Soil surface temperature at 25% of full sunlight was less than respective control values by 2–11°C and sub soil temperature at 15 cm depth was less by 4–12°C. The values of different microclimate parameters varied in narrower range during winter season as compared to rainy season. While ranking the importance of two factors studied—light and AM fungi—for their effect on the growth and P uptake by different plant species, inoculations with AM fungi came in the first place (explained 50–82% variation) and light substantially increased the values of R ² in stepwise regression analysis (forward selection). The results suggest that AM inoculation may enhance the growth and P uptake of intercrops under tree shade and the tree canopy management is likely to increase the efficiency of AM inoculants in agroforestry systems. Use of excessive shading (25% of full sun or more) in nurseries may be avoided and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) lamps may be used to increase growth and colonization index of tree seedlings.  相似文献   

Two phenolic glycosides from Curculigo orchioides Gaertn     

Stefano Dall'Acqua  Bharat Babu Shrestha  Stefano Comai  Gabbriella Innocenti  Mohan Bikram Gewali  Pramod Kumar Jha 《Fitoterapia》2009

One new glycoside derivative from syringic acid and one new phenol glycoside, curculigoside E (1) and orchioside D (2), were isolated and characterized from the rootstock of Curculigo orchioides collected in the Nawalparasi District (Nepal). The structures of the new isolated compounds were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods such as 1D, 2D NMR and MS.  相似文献   

Supra-nutritional dietary intake of selenite and selenium yeast in normal and stressed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Implications on selenium status and health responses     

Sebastien A. Rider  Simon J. Davies  Awadhesh N. Jha  Andrew A. Fisher  Jan Knight  John W. Sweetman 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2009,295(3-4):282-291

Commercial salmonid diets are not typically supplemented with selenium (Se) as they naturally contain relatively high levels of this essential trace element; however supplementation may be necessary to meet requirements during physical stress. Adopting an integrated approach by simultaneously determining Se status, various health parameters and interactions with other trace elements, this study aimed to determine the role of supra-supplemented selenite and Se-yeast (Selplex^®) on the growth and health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), both under normal conditions and after exposure to chronic physical stress. Fish were fed one of seven diets; a basal un-supplemented diet (0.73 mg kg^− 1 Se) or diets supplemented with Se-yeast or sodium selenite to provide 2, 4, or 8 mg kg^− 1 Se for 10 weeks prior to subjection of daily handling and confinement stressors for seven days. Net whole body Se retention was significantly greater for Se-yeast than selenite at all levels. In normal conditions activities of hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and thioredoxin reductase (Trx-R) indicate that Se requirements were met by the basal diet. Similarly, pre-stress supra-supplementation of selenite and Se-yeast did not affect oxidative status (total antioxidant capacity of serum and hepatic malondialdehyde), immuno-competence (respiratory burst activity, serum lysozyme, and leukocyte counts) or other haematological and growth parameters (nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes, and specific growth rate). In contrast, the trend towards a higher GSH-Px post-stress in Se supplemented diets over the basal diet, particularly in Se-yeast fed fish, indicates that Se requirements may not be met by the un-supplemented practical diet in stressed fish. Seven days of chronic physical stress decreased whole body Se and increased GSH-Px activity signifying an increased Se utilisation. During stress Se status was more effectively maintained by Se-yeast than selenite. Increased hepatic lipid peroxidation in stressed fish fed 8 mg kg^− 1 selenite indicates a possible pro-oxidant effect of selenite. A positive interaction was observed between dietary selenite and whole body copper, but no such interaction was observed with Se-yeast. This study concludes that physical stressors can result in an elevated Se utilisation and consequently supplementation of commercial diets may be necessary such that Se reserves are available as a contingency for stress.  相似文献