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51.
The extent to which synaptic activity can signal a sensory stimulus limits the information available to a neuron. We determined the contribution of individual synapses to sensory representation by recording excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in cerebellar granule cells during a time-varying, quantifiable vestibular stimulus. Vestibular-sensitive synapses faithfully reported direction and velocity, rather than position or acceleration of whole-body motion, via bidirectional modulation of EPSC frequency. The lack of short-term synaptic dynamics ensured a highly linear relationship between velocity and charge transfer, and as few as 100 synapses provided resolution approaching psychophysical limits. This indicates that highly accurate stimulus representation can be achieved by small networks and even within single neurons. 相似文献
52.
Junt T Schulze H Chen Z Massberg S Goerge T Krueger A Wagner DD Graf T Italiano JE Shivdasani RA von Andrian UH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5845):1767-1770
Platelets are generated from megakaryocytes (MKs) in mammalian bone marrow (BM) by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here we describe the use of multiphoton intravital microscopy in intact BM to visualize platelet generation in mice. MKs were observed as sessile cells that extended dynamic proplatelet-like protrusions into microvessels. These intravascular extensions appeared to be sheared from their transendothelial stems by flowing blood, resulting in the appearance of proplatelets in peripheral blood. In vitro, proplatelet production from differentiating MKs was enhanced by fluid shear. These results confirm the concept of proplatelet formation in vivo and are consistent with the possibility that blood flow-induced hydrodynamic shear stress is a biophysical determinant of thrombopoiesis. 相似文献
53.
Recent discourse in the field of participatory agricultural research has focused on how to blend various forms and intensities
of stakeholder participation with quality agricultural science, moving beyond the simple “farmer-first” ideology of the 1980s
and early 1990s. Yet, most existing frameworks of participation in agricultural research still adhere to a linear typology
of participatory research with an inherent claim of “the more participation, the better.” In this article, we propose a new
framework that looks at participatory research elements along different dimensions and attributes and thus takes into account
the diversity and dynamics of agricultural research projects. The framework provides a basis for agricultural researchers
engaged in participatory processes with local stakeholders to decide for which issues and in which phases certain participatory
elements could be used in a specific research context. Rather than aiming at maximizing the adoption of participatory methods,
it can thus become a tool for optimizing the use of participatory approaches in agricultural research. We conclude that this
framework can be a starting point for a more thoughtful integration of participatory elements in agricultural research projects
that does justice to the multidimensional and dynamic nature of stakeholder participation in varying contexts. 相似文献
54.
Hu J Zhong C Ding C Chi Q Walz A Mombaerts P Matsunami H Luo M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5840):953-957
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important environmental cue for many organisms but is odorless to humans. It remains unclear whether the mammalian olfactory system can detect CO2 at concentrations around the average atmospheric level (0.038%). We demonstrated the expression of carbonic anhydrase type II (CAII), an enzyme that catabolizes CO2, in a subset of mouse olfactory neurons that express guanylyl cyclase D (GC-D+ neurons) and project axons to necklace glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Exposure to CO2 activated these GC-D+ neurons, and exposure of a mouse to CO2 activated bulbar neurons associated with necklace glomeruli. Behavioral tests revealed CO2 detection thresholds of approximately 0.066%, and this sensitive CO2 detection required CAII activity. We conclude that mice detect CO2 at near-atmospheric concentrations through the olfactory subsystem of GC-D+ neurons. 相似文献
55.
Quirrenbach A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5836):325-326
56.
Meyer-Lindenberg A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5890):778-780
57.
Garzione CN Hoke GD Libarkin JC Withers S MacFadden B Eiler J Ghosh P Mulch A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5881):1304-1307
The surface uplift of mountain belts is generally assumed to reflect progressive shortening and crustal thickening, leading to their gradual rise. Recent studies of the Andes indicate that their elevation remained relatively stable for long periods (tens of millions of years), separated by rapid (1 to 4 million years) changes of 1.5 kilometers or more. Periodic punctuated surface uplift of mountain belts probably reflects the rapid removal of unstable, dense lower lithosphere after long-term thickening of the crust and lithospheric mantle. 相似文献
58.
Siegert MJ Welch B Morse D Vieli A Blankenship DD Joughin I King EC Vieli GJ Payne AJ Jacobel R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5692):1948-1951
Upstream of Byrd Station (West Antarctica), ice-penetrating radar data reveal a distinctive fold structure within the ice, in which isochronous layers are unusually deep. The fold has an axis more than 50 kilometers long, which is aligned up to 45 degrees to the ice flow direction. Although explanations for the fold's formation under the present flow are problematic, it can be explained if flow was parallel to the fold axis approximately 1500 years ago. This flow change may be associated with ice stream alterations nearer the margin. If this is true, central West Antarctica may respond to future alterations more than previously thought. 相似文献
59.
60.
Hirjibehedin CF Lin CY Otte AF Ternes M Lutz CP Jones BA Heinrich AJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5842):1199-1203
Magnetic anisotropy allows magnets to maintain their direction of magnetization over time. Using a scanning tunneling microscope to observe spin excitations, we determined the orientation and strength of the anisotropies of individual iron and manganese atoms on a thin layer of copper nitride. The relative intensities of the inelastic tunneling processes are consistent with dipolar interactions, as seen for inelastic neutron scattering. First-principles calculations indicate that the magnetic atoms become incorporated into a polar covalent surface molecular network in the copper nitride. These structures, which provide atom-by-atom accessibility via local probes, have the potential for engineering anisotropies large enough to produce stable magnetization at low temperatures for a single atomic spin. 相似文献