ORIGIN OF THE JAPANESE WALTZING MOUSE     

Schwarz E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1942,95(2454):46

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Dynamic visualization of thrombopoiesis within bone marrow     

Junt T  Schulze H  Chen Z  Massberg S  Goerge T  Krueger A  Wagner DD  Graf T  Italiano JE  Shivdasani RA  von Andrian UH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5845):1767-1770

Platelets are generated from megakaryocytes (MKs) in mammalian bone marrow (BM) by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here we describe the use of multiphoton intravital microscopy in intact BM to visualize platelet generation in mice. MKs were observed as sessile cells that extended dynamic proplatelet-like protrusions into microvessels. These intravascular extensions appeared to be sheared from their transendothelial stems by flowing blood, resulting in the appearance of proplatelets in peripheral blood. In vitro, proplatelet production from differentiating MKs was enhanced by fluid shear. These results confirm the concept of proplatelet formation in vivo and are consistent with the possibility that blood flow-induced hydrodynamic shear stress is a biophysical determinant of thrombopoiesis.  相似文献   

Stakeholder participation in agricultural research projects: a conceptual framework for reflection and decision-making     

Andreas?NeefEmail author  Dieter?Neubert 《Agriculture and Human Values》2011,28(2):179-194

Recent discourse in the field of participatory agricultural research has focused on how to blend various forms and intensities of stakeholder participation with quality agricultural science, moving beyond the simple “farmer-first” ideology of the 1980s and early 1990s. Yet, most existing frameworks of participation in agricultural research still adhere to a linear typology of participatory research with an inherent claim of “the more participation, the better.” In this article, we propose a new framework that looks at participatory research elements along different dimensions and attributes and thus takes into account the diversity and dynamics of agricultural research projects. The framework provides a basis for agricultural researchers engaged in participatory processes with local stakeholders to decide for which issues and in which phases certain participatory elements could be used in a specific research context. Rather than aiming at maximizing the adoption of participatory methods, it can thus become a tool for optimizing the use of participatory approaches in agricultural research. We conclude that this framework can be a starting point for a more thoughtful integration of participatory elements in agricultural research projects that does justice to the multidimensional and dynamic nature of stakeholder participation in varying contexts.  相似文献   

Detection of near-atmospheric concentrations of CO2 by an olfactory subsystem in the mouse     

Hu J  Zhong C  Ding C  Chi Q  Walz A  Mombaerts P  Matsunami H  Luo M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5840):953-957

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important environmental cue for many organisms but is odorless to humans. It remains unclear whether the mammalian olfactory system can detect CO2 at concentrations around the average atmospheric level (0.038%). We demonstrated the expression of carbonic anhydrase type II (CAII), an enzyme that catabolizes CO2, in a subset of mouse olfactory neurons that express guanylyl cyclase D (GC-D+ neurons) and project axons to necklace glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Exposure to CO2 activated these GC-D+ neurons, and exposure of a mouse to CO2 activated bulbar neurons associated with necklace glomeruli. Behavioral tests revealed CO2 detection thresholds of approximately 0.066%, and this sensitive CO2 detection required CAII activity. We conclude that mice detect CO2 at near-atmospheric concentrations through the olfactory subsystem of GC-D+ neurons.  相似文献   

Astronomy. Seeing the surfaces of stars     

Quirrenbach A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5836):325-326

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Psychology. Trust me on this     

Meyer-Lindenberg A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5890):778-780

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Rise of the Andes     

Garzione CN  Hoke GD  Libarkin JC  Withers S  MacFadden B  Eiler J  Ghosh P  Mulch A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5881):1304-1307

The surface uplift of mountain belts is generally assumed to reflect progressive shortening and crustal thickening, leading to their gradual rise. Recent studies of the Andes indicate that their elevation remained relatively stable for long periods (tens of millions of years), separated by rapid (1 to 4 million years) changes of 1.5 kilometers or more. Periodic punctuated surface uplift of mountain belts probably reflects the rapid removal of unstable, dense lower lithosphere after long-term thickening of the crust and lithospheric mantle.  相似文献   

Ice flow direction change in interior West Antarctica     

Siegert MJ  Welch B  Morse D  Vieli A  Blankenship DD  Joughin I  King EC  Vieli GJ  Payne AJ  Jacobel R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5692):1948-1951

Upstream of Byrd Station (West Antarctica), ice-penetrating radar data reveal a distinctive fold structure within the ice, in which isochronous layers are unusually deep. The fold has an axis more than 50 kilometers long, which is aligned up to 45 degrees to the ice flow direction. Although explanations for the fold's formation under the present flow are problematic, it can be explained if flow was parallel to the fold axis approximately 1500 years ago. This flow change may be associated with ice stream alterations nearer the margin. If this is true, central West Antarctica may respond to future alterations more than previously thought.  相似文献   

No evidence of murine-like gammaretroviruses in CFS patients previously identified as XMRV-infected     

Knox K  Carrigan D  Simmons G  Teque F  Zhou Y  Hackett J  Qiu X  Luk KC  Schochetman G  Knox A  Kogelnik AM  Levy JA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6038):94-97

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The ups and downs of global research centers     

Matthiessen CW  Schwarz AW  Find S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5586):1476-1477

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