Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study     

Gelfand MJ  Raver JL  Nishii L  Leslie LM  Lun J  Lim BC  Duan L  Almaliach A  Ang S  Arnadottir J  Aycan Z  Boehnke K  Boski P  Cabecinhas R  Chan D  Chhokar J  D'Amato A  Ferrer M  Fischlmayr IC  Fischer R  Fülöp M  Georgas J  Kashima ES  Kashima Y  Kim K  Lempereur A  Marquez P  Othman R  Overlaet B  Panagiotopoulou P  Peltzer K  Perez-Florizno LR  Ponomarenko L  Realo A  Schei V  Schmitt M  Smith PB  Soomro N  Szabo E  Taveesin N  Toyama M  Van de Vliert E  Vohra N  Ward C  Yamaguchi S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6033):1100-1104

With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.  相似文献   

The use of different doses of metamizol for post-operative analgesia in dogs     

Imagawa VH  Fantoni DT  Tatarunas AC  Mastrocinque S  Almeida TF  Ferreira F  Posso IP 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2011,38(4):385-393

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Botrytis pseudocinerea, a new cryptic species causing gray mold in French vineyards in sympatry with Botrytis cinerea     

Walker AS  Gautier AL  Confais J  Martinho D  Viaud M  Le P Cheur P  Dupont J  Fournier E 《Phytopathology》2011,101(12):1433-1445

Botrytis cinerea is a major crop pathogen infesting >220 hosts worldwide. A cryptic species has been identified in some French populations but the new species, B. pseudocinerea, has not been fully delimited and established. The aim of this study was to distinguish between the two species, using phylogenetic, biological, morphological, and ecological criteria. Multiple gene genealogies confirmed that the two species belonged to different, well-supported phylogenetic clades. None of the morphological criteria tested (spore size, germination rate, or mycelial growth) was able to discriminate between these two species. Sexual crosses between individuals from the same species and different species were carried out. Only crosses between individuals from the same species were successful. Moreover, population genetics analysis revealed a high level of diversity within each species and a lack of gene flow between them. Finally, a population survey over time showed that B. cinerea was the predominant species but that B. pseudocinerea was more abundant in spring, on floral debris. This observation could not be explained by temperature adaptation in tests carried out in vitro or by aggressiveness on tomato or bean leaves. This study clearly establishes that B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea constitute a complex of two cryptic species living in sympatry on several hosts, including grapevine and blackberry. We propose several biological or molecular tools for unambiguous differentiation between the two species. B. pseudocinerea probably makes a negligible contribution to gray mold epidemics on grapevine. This new species has been deposited in the MycoBank international database.  相似文献   

Comparison of Campylobacter carriage rates in diarrheic and healthy pet animals.   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

A P Burnens  B Angéloz-Wick  J Nicolet 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1992,39(3):175-180

To explore the clinical significance of campylobacter infections for dogs and cats we compared intestinal carriage rates for Campylobacter sp. between animals with gastroenteritis and healthy controls. We cultured fecal specimens of 405 diarrheic dogs and 203 cats as well as 71 asymptomatic dogs and 35 cats using a selective medium in addition to filtration on a non-selective blood agar plate. We identified 224 campylobacter isolates using conventional phenotypic tests and DNA hybridization. There were 112 isolates, of C. upsaliensis, 43 C. jejuni and 69 other Campylobacter sp. For cats, there was no association between campylobacter carriage and disease, irrespective of the animals age. For dogs older than 12 months there was also no difference in campylobacter carriage rates between diarrheic and healthy animals. However, in younger dogs 44% of animals with diarrhea shed campylobacters in their feces, more than twice the rate in asymptomatic controls (21%), a significant difference. C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis contributed equally to this association between diarrhea and campylobacter prevalence. The parallel use of two culture methods enabled us to show that the recovery of Campylobacter sp. by filtration may be less than optimal and that filtering is probably unsuitable as a reference method for culturing C. upsaliensis. Finally we found that almost half of the campylobacter isolates from cats belong to a phenotypically homogeneous group of strains closely resembling C. upsaliensis but hybridizing only weakly with C. upsaliensis DNA.  相似文献   

Use of the scrotum as a transposition flap for closure of surgical wounds in three dogs     

Matera JM  Tatarunas AC  Fantoni DT  Vasconcellos CH 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2004,33(2):99-101

OBJECTIVE: To describe use of the scrotum as a pedicle flap to cover defects created by tumor excision in the perineum or caudal and medial aspect of the thigh. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical study. ANIMALS: Three dogs. METHODS: After tumor excision and prescrotal castration, an incision was made around the base of the scrotum, leaving a pedicle on the side opposite the skin defect. After removal of the tunica dartos and abdominal fascia, the scrotal skin was stretched and shaped to the defect, then sutured in position with a simple interrupted pattern. Bandages that were changed every 48 hours compressed the flaps, and healing was observed until sutures were removed. RESULTS: Two dogs had first intention healing in 15 days, whereas 1 dog developed necrosis of 10% of the flap, and this area healed by second intention. CONCLUSION: In male dogs, the scrotal skin can be used as a pedicle flap for reconstructive surgery of wounds in the perineum and the proximomedial and caudal aspect of the thigh. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The perineal region remains a surgical challenge because of the lack of the available skin for reconstruction of surgical wounds. The scrotal skin should be considered for use as a transposition flap to cover skin defects in this region.  相似文献   

In vitro cytotoxicity of nonpolar constituents from different parts of kava plant (Piper methysticum)     

Jhoo JW  Freeman JP  Heinze TM  Moody JD  Schnackenberg LK  Beger RD  Dragull K  Tang CS  Ang CY 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(8):3157-3162

Kava (Piper methysticum), a perennial shrub native to the South Pacific islands, has been used to relieve anxiety. Recently, several cases of severe hepatotoxicity have been reported from the consumption of dietary supplements containing kava. It is unclear whether the kava constituents, kavalactones, are responsible for the associated hepatotoxicity. To investigate the key components responsible for the liver toxicity, bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out in this study. Kava roots, leaves, and stem peelings were extracted with methanol, and the resulting residues were subjected to partition with a different polarity of solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) for evaluation of their cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme leakage assays. Organic solvent fractions displayed a much stronger cytotoxicity than water fractions for all parts of kava. The hexane fraction of the root exhibited stronger cytotoxic effects than fractions of root extracted with other solvents or extracts from the other parts of kava. Further investigations using bioassay-directed isolation and analysis of the hexane fraction indicated that the compound responsible for the cytotoxicity was flavokavain B. The identity of the compound was confirmed by (1)H and (13) C NMR and MS techniques.  相似文献   

食品安全检测仪检测系统的研究     

吴昂  朱娟花  江敏  何玉静  李会芹 《河南农业大学学报》2012,46(4):409-413

为了使食品安全检测仪的使用更加灵活、方便,采用VB6.0,Matrix VB和SQL Sever 2000数据库,开发了食品安全检测仪的检测系统.该系统实现了PC机和单片机之间串口通信、PC机中数据处理、图形绘制和数据分析的功能,并能够对实验人员进行统计、排名和评价.试验表明结果,该检测系统界面友好、运行稳定性、能屏蔽和纠正用户的误操作,实现检测数据的自动化处理.  相似文献   

Muscle reorganisation through local injection of stem cells in the diaphragm of mdx mice     

Thais Borges Lessa  Rafael Cardoso Carvalho  André Luis Rezende Franciolli  Lilian Jesus de Oliveira  RodrigoSilvadaNunes Barreto  David Feder  Fabiana Fernandes Bressan  Maria Angélica Miglino  Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2012,54(1):73

Background

The diaphragm is the major respiratory muscle affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and is responsible for causing 80% of deaths. The use of mechanical forces that act on the body or intermittent pressure on the airways improves the quality of life of patients but does not prevent the progression of respiratory failure. Thus, diseases that require tissue repair, such as DMD, represent a group of pathologies that have great potential for cell therapy. The application of stem cells directly into the diaphragm instead of systemic application can reduce cell migration to other affected areas and increase the chances of muscle reorganisation. The mdx mouse is a suitable animal model for this research because its diaphragmatic phenotype is similar to human DMD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the potential cell implantation in the diaphragm muscle after the xenotransplantation of stem cells.

Methods

A total of 9 mice, including 3 control BALB/Cmice, 3 5-month-old mdx mice without stem cell injections and 3 mdx mice injected with stem cells, were used. The animals injected with stem cells underwent laparoscopy so that stem cells from GFP-labelled rabbit olfactory epithelium could be locally injected into the diaphragm muscle. After 8 days, all animals were euthanised, and the diaphragm muscle was dissected and subjected to histological and immunohistochemical analyses.

Results

Both the fresh diaphragm tissue and immunohistochemical analyses showed immunopositive GFP labelling of some of the cells and immunonegativity of myoblast bundles. In the histological analysis, we observed a reduction in the inflammatory infiltrate as well as the presence of a few peripheral nuclei and myoblast bundles.

Conclusion

We were able to implant stem cells into the diaphragm via local injection, which promoted moderate muscle reorganisation. The presence of myoblast bundles cannot be attributed to stem cell incorporation because there was no immunopositive labelling in this structure. It is believed that the formation of the bundles may have been stimulated by cellular signalling mechanisms that have not yet been elucidated.  相似文献   

Distinguishing between human-induced and climate-driven vegetation changes: a critical application of RESTREND in inner Mongolia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ang Li  Jianguo Wu  Jianhui Huang 《Landscape Ecology》2012,27(7):969-982

Changes in the spatiotemporal pattern of vegetation alter the structure and function of landscapes, consequently affecting biodiversity and ecological processes. Distinguishing human-induced vegetation changes from those driven by environmental variations is critically important for ecological understanding and management of landscapes. The main objectives of this study were to detect human-induced vegetation changes and evaluate the impacts of land use policies in the Xilingol grassland region of Inner Mongolia, using the NDVI-based residual trend (RESTREND) method. Our results show that human activity (livestock grazing) was the primary driver for the observed vegetation changes during the period of 1981?C2006. Specifically, vegetation became increasingly degraded from the early 1980s when the land use policy??the Household Production Responsibility System??led to soaring stocking rates for about two decades. Since 2000, new institutional arrangements for grassland restoration and conservation helped curb and even reverse the increasing trend in stocking rates, resulting in large-scale vegetation improvements in the region. These results suggest that most of the degraded grasslands in the Xilingol region can recover through ecologically sound land use policies or institutional arrangements that keep stocking rates under control. Our study has also demonstrated that the RESTREND method is a useful tool to help identify human-induced vegetation changes in arid and semiarid landscapes where plant cover and production are highly coupled with precipitation. To effectively use the method, however, one needs to carefully deal with the problems of heterogeneity and scale in space and time, both of which may lead to erroneous results and misleading interpretations.  相似文献   

北京鸭FABP2基因多态性与体尺和屠体性状的相关性研究     

廖秀冬  任立明  王光瑛  李昂  黄银花 《中国家禽》2012,34(17):23-26,30

本研究以12个全同胞家系共224只G2代北京鸭资源群体为试验材料,分别利用DNA序列测定和PCR-RFLP方法检测G1和G2代个体基因型。结果在北京鸭小肠脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP2)基因中共发现4处单核苷酸多态性(SNPs),外显子3中1处SNP(92bp)可导致氨基酸的改变(Gly→Ser),G2代中该SNP产生3种基因型:AA、AB和BB,其频率分别为0.103、0.629和0.268,群体中A基因频率为0.417,B基因频率为0.583。最小二乘分析表明,BB基因型个体的体斜长、胫围和颈长显著高于AB基因型;BB基因型个体胫蹼重、肌胃重和翅重显著高于AA基因型和AB基因型;BB基因型个体头重显著高于AA基因型(P<0.05)。综上所述,FABP2基因外显子3中(92bp)的SNP与北京鸭的部分体尺和屠体性状显著相关,可作为北京鸭体尺和屠体性状标记辅助选择的分子标记。  相似文献