Forecast of Sulfur Deposition in Japan for Various Energy Supply and Emission Control Scenarios     

Ichikawa  Yoichi  Hayami  Hiroshi  Sugiyama  Taishi  Amann  Markus  Schöpp  Wolfgang 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):301-306

In order to contribute to the analysis and solution of regional scale environmental problems in East Asia, we developed a tool for the comprehensive assessment of alternative policy options to improve air quality. This tool projects the future regional energy supply, calculates the emission levels of sulfur dioxide and estimates the geographical pattern of sulfur deposition resulting from emissions. Sulfur deposition in Japan through 2030 was forecasted for various energy supply and emission control scenarios using the analysis tool. Future sulfur depositions were calculated from the source-receptor matrix for 1995 and the growth rate of emission for the source subregion. In the case of the current legislation scenario, anthropogenic SO₂ emissions in East Asia would grow by 34 percent and sulfur deposition in Japan would increase by approximately 20 percent between 1995 and 2030. This increase in sulfur deposition over these 35 years is sligthly less than the contribution from volcanic emission to sulfur deposition in Japan. In the case of the hypothetical dirty scenario for China, sulfur deposition in several grids which face the Sea of Japan would double by 2030.  相似文献   

Effects of tetracycline on the soil microflora: function,diversity, resistance     

Hund-Rinke  Kerstin  Simon  Markus  Lukow  Thomas 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2004,4(1):11-16

Background  Tetracycline is a widely used antibiotic in animal production. Significant amounts of the substance reach the soil via feces, urine and manure application. As tetracycline is a persistent compound with antibacterial activity, its presence in soil may have undesired direct and indirect effects. These have been investigated so far focusing on effects on selected microbial functions. Objectives  The aim of the present study was to obtain comprehensive information on potential effects of tetracycline on the soil microflora under environmentally relevant conditions. The investigations included function and structure of the microbial biocoenosis and the distribution of resistance genes. Methods  Pig manure rich in tetracycline resistance genes was applied to a sandy soil. This soil as well as an unamended soil were additionally treated with several concentrations of tetracycline. The spiked soils were incubated in outdoor lysimeters for several months. Substrate induced respiration, PLFAs, ten selected resistance genes, and the concentrations of tetracycline were determined. Results  The test concentrations, though far exceeding environmental relevance, caused only small effects. An establishment of resistance could not be detected. Applied resistance genes were not detectable at the end of the study even in the presence of added tetracycline. Conclusion  Due to the high sorption capacity of the antibiotic, environmentally relevant concentrations of tetracycline do not seem to cause undesired effects on the soil microflora.  相似文献   

Vigilance behaviour of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the context of wildlife-viewing activities at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada     

Markus G Dyck  Richard K Baydack 《Biological conservation》2004,116(3):343-350

Viewing of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from tundra vehicles has been offered at Churchill, Manitoba since the early 1980s. This form of wildlife viewing has provided a unique and safe way for tourists to learn about polar bears. However, these activities have largely been carried out without examining possible effects on polar bear behaviour. We studied vigilance behaviour (a scanning of the immediate vicinity and beyond) of resting polar bears to evaluate impacts from tundra vehicle activity. Focal animal sampling was used to examine whether a difference in vigilance behaviour existed when vehicles were present. We recorded the numbers of head-ups, vigilance bout length, and between-bout intervals for polar bears. In general, the frequency of head-ups increased, and the between-bout intervals decreased for male bears, when vehicles were present. Female bears behaved opposite to males. The vigilance bout lengths did not differ significantly between vehicle presence and absence. Vigilance behaviour of male bears was not magnified with increasing numbers of vehicles; therefore the threshold is one vehicle. We suggest that manipulative studies be conducted to examine how distances between vehicles and bears, tundra vehicle activity in the immediate vicinity of a bear during viewing, and noise of tourists affect increased vigilance.  相似文献   

Experimental determination of climate‐change effects on above‐ground and below‐ground organic matter in alpine grasslands by translocation of soil cores     

Markus Egli  Christian Hitz  Peter Fitze  Aldo Mirabella 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2004,167(4):457-470

We used the soil‐core translocation method to investigate the effect of increased temperature on above‐ and below‐ground phytomass and organic matter in cool alpine areas. The translocation of undisturbed soil cores from a high alpine site (2525 m a.s.l.) to an alpine site near the timberline (1895 m a.s.l.) achieved an effective artificial warming of 3.3 K. From a methodological point of view, the translocation of soil cores was performed successfully. Soil cores moved to a new site at the same altitude showed no change in above‐ and below‐ground vegetation, bulk density, and soil skeleton. At both sites, soils were Haplic Podzols with a similar chemistry and clay mineralogy. At the lower elevation site, however, podzolization processes seemed to be more pronounced. As a consequence, the translocation of the soil cores probably led to a disturbance of the actual steady state that had been established after about 10,000–13,000 years of soil formation. This might have affected the adaptability of the vegetation system. Therefore, it cannot be fully excluded that the experimental design influenced the results. Translocation of soil cores from a very cool to a warmer site led to a distinct decrease in above‐ground phytomass (about –45%) over the experimental period of two years. Below‐ground phytomass significantly decreased (up to –50%) in the topsoil (0–5 cm) after artificial warming. Possible mechanisms are that roots reduced photosynthesis and hence C flow below‐ground, a reduction of soil moisture that would have led to root death (not a very probable cause, however) or an abrupt change in the radiation duration and flux which affected root growth (also not very probable). Fast climate change exceeded the ability of the above‐ground and below‐ground phytomass to adapt quickly. Whether the decrease in phytomass was a short‐term or a long‐term response to climate warming remains uncertain. Based on a gradient study (climosequence at the same locality), we hypothesize that the decreased plant productivity might be a short‐term effect.  相似文献   

The haematozoa of South African birds. VI. Avian malaria     

M B Markus  J H Oosthuzien 《The Veterinary record》1972,91(8):198-199

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Interferon induction in dogs.     

S C Tsai  M J Appel 《American journal of veterinary research》1979,40(3):356-361

A synthetic complex of poly (I)-poly (C) with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose (poly ICLC), as well as UV-inactivated Newcastle disease virus, B-1 strain, was used to induce interferon production in dogs. Several criteria were used for interferon specificity. The interferon response depended on dosage and route of inoculation. Serum interferon concentrations usually reached a peak by 8 hours after inoculation (AI), rapidly declined thereafter, and were nondetectable in most instances at 24 hours AI. Dogs responded less to interferon inducers when reinoculated 2 days after primary induction. The interferon response was biphasic (2 and 8 hours AI) when reinoculated 1 week after primary inoculation. Reinoculation 2 weeks after primary inoculation simulated the first response. Although both inducers caused severe lymphopenia in dogs, the toxic side effects would limit clinical use (in dogs) of poly ICLC, but not of UV-inactivated Newcastle disease virus.  相似文献   

Relevance of soil N mineralization,total N demand of crops and efficiency of applied N for fertilizer recommendations for cereals — Theory and application     

Thomas Appel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1994,157(6):407-414

Optimal rates of N fertilizer depend mainly on three factors, (1) the total N demand of crops, (2) the amount of available N from sources other than applied N, and (3) the efficiency of fertilization in order to increase plant available N. Predictability and variability of each of these factors affect the precision of N fertilizer recommendations. In a theoretical approach the change of [crop N + extractable inorganic soil N] (CSN) in N-fertilized cereals can be ascribed to two components, firstly an N rate independent and secondly a strongly N rate dependent one. This approach fits well when applied to an actual data set of N field trials on sandy soils in Hessia, Germany. The N rate dependent change of CSN was interpreted as apparent recovery of applied N indicating the efficiency of fertilization. Apparent recovery rates of applied N varied considerably between field sites and ranged from 33 % to 96 %. The N rate independent change of CSN was dominated by N mineralization, especially during the grain filling period (range: 4 to 61 kg N ha^?1), and was significantly (p <0.001) correlated with extractable soil organic N (r = 0.65, CaCl₂ extraction; r = 0.51, EUF-technique). The total N demand of the crops varied widely within each cereal species. For barley and rye the total N demand was closely correlated with the optimal grain yield. The results suggest that in order to improve N fertilizer recommendations the prediction of the total N demand as well as the prediction of the fertilizer efficiency is badly needed. The soil N mineralization appeared to be an important N source for cereals, which was independent from the applied N rate. Soil N tests, which provide an index of mineralizable soil N, merit therefore consideration for adoption into N fertilizer recommendations for cereals.  相似文献   

Studies on Bluetongue: II. Complement-Fxing Activity of Ovine and Bovine Sera          下载免费PDF全文

Robertson A.  Appel M.  Bannister G. L.  Ruckerbauer Gerda M.    Boulanger P. 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1965,29(5):113-117

Sera of sheep and calves infected with the California type 10 and Cyprus type 3 viruses of bluetongue were tested by the regular and modified direct complement-fixation tests. To obtain satisfactory complement fixation it was necessary to use the latter test. Cross reactivity was found, therefore, the California type 10 antigen could be used in testing sera of animals infected with the Cyprus virus.  相似文献   

Immune response to vaccinia virus and recombinant virus products in dogs     

M J Appel  E Paoletti 《American journal of veterinary research》1988,49(11):1932-1934

A study was undertaken to determine the safety and suitability of vaccinia virus as an eukaryotic expression vector in dogs. Clinical signs were not seen in inoculated dogs, with the exception of small nodules at the site of inoculation. Vaccinia virus did not spread from dogs that were inoculated by SC (n = 5), intradermal (ID; n = 13), or intranasal (n = 3) routes to noninoculated dogs maintained in close contact. Replication of vaccinia virus appeared to be restricted in dogs because greater than or equal to 10(5) plaque-forming units of virus were required to induce an immune response by ID inoculation. Results were better with ID inoculation than with SC or intranasal inoculations. Repeated inoculations enhanced serum antibody titers, and annual reinoculation resulted in boosting of antibody titers. Maternal antibody interfered with virus replication and antibody production. Recombinant virus products induced antibody formation in dogs to human influenza-A virus, herpes simplex virus, and human hepatitis-B virus antigens. It was concluded that vaccinia virus would be safe and suitable as an eukaryotic expression vector in dogs.  相似文献   

Atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP) in calves and young cattle in Schleswig-Holstein in conjunction with an infection by the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)     

G Appel  H P Heckert 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1989,96(4):226-228

It is reported on atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP) in 16 mostly Holstein-Frisian calves and feeders from 13 different farms in Schleswig-Holstein in association with an infection by the respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). All animals were submitted with identical clinical histories. Macroscopically the lung lesions were characterized by alveolar and interstitial edema and emphysema. Microscopically there was a diffuse interstitial pneumonia with formation of hyaline membranes and multinucleated giant cells. From the investigation material of the 16 animals BRSV was confirmed by direct immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies in 4 animals from 4 different farms.  相似文献