Continuous Drug Release by Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis Stinging Microcapsules     

Yossi Tal  Ari Ayalon  Agnesa Sharaev  Zoya Kazir  Vera Brekhman  Tamar Lotan 《Marine drugs》2014,12(2):734-745

Transdermal delivery is an attractive option for drug delivery. Nevertheless, the skin is a tough barrier and only a limited number of drugs can be delivered through it. The most difficult to deliver are hydrophilic drugs. The stinging mechanism of the cnidarians is a sophisticated injection system consisting of microcapsular nematocysts, which utilize built-in high osmotic pressures to inject a submicron tubule that penetrates and delivers their contents to the prey. Here we show, for the first time, that the nematocysts of the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis can be isolated and incorporated into a topical formulation for continuous drug delivery. We demonstrate quantitative delivery of nicotinamide and lidocaine hydrochloride as a function of microcapsular dose or drug exposure. We also show how the released submicron tubules can be exploited as a skin penetration enhancer prior to and independently of drug application. The microcapsules are non-irritant and may offer an attractive alternative for hydrophilic transdermal drug delivery.  相似文献   

The RAR1 interactor SGT1, an essential component of R gene-triggered disease resistance   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Azevedo C  Sadanandom A  Kitagawa K  Freialdenhoven A  Shirasu K  Schulze-Lefert P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5562):2073-2076

Plant disease resistance (R) genes trigger innate immune responses upon pathogen attack. RAR1 is an early convergence point in a signaling pathway engaged by multiple R genes. Here, we show that RAR1 interacts with plant orthologs of the yeast protein SGT1, an essential regulator in the cell cycle. Silencing the barley gene Sgt1 reveals its role in R gene-triggered, Rar1-dependent disease resistance. SGT1 associates with SKP1 and CUL1, subunits of the SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F-box) ubiquitin ligase complex. Furthermore, the RAR1-SGT1 complex also interacts with two COP9 signalosome components. The interactions among RAR1, SGT1, SCF, and signalosome subunits indicate a link between disease resistance and ubiquitination.  相似文献   

Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wu D  Molofsky AB  Liang HE  Ricardo-Gonzalez RR  Jouihan HA  Bando JK  Chawla A  Locksley RM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6026):243-247

Eosinophils are associated with helminth immunity and allergy, often in conjunction with alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). Adipose tissue AAMs are necessary to maintain glucose homeostasis and are induced by the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). Here, we show that eosinophils are the major IL-4-expressing cells in white adipose tissues of mice, and, in their absence, AAMs are greatly attenuated. Eosinophils migrate into adipose tissue by an integrin-dependent process and reconstitute AAMs through an IL-4- or IL-13-dependent process. Mice fed a high-fat diet develop increased body fat, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance in the absence of eosinophils, and helminth-induced adipose tissue eosinophilia enhances glucose tolerance. Our results suggest that eosinophils play an unexpected role in metabolic homeostasis through maintenance of adipose AAMs.  相似文献   

The experimental establishment of ruminant nematodes in European hares (Lepus europaeus)     

Philip Stott  Michael O’Callaghan  Peter Phillips  Ari Verbyla 《Veterinary parasitology》2009

The factors that control the demography of European hare Lepus europaeus populations are poorly understood, but it has been recognized that the decline of hares in Europe is associated with an increasing intensity of agricultural activity. Many mechanisms have been suggested. We propose another mechanism; a negative impact arising from ingestion of the infective larvae of ruminant livestock. We dosed juvenile hares from a worm-free colony with a conservative dose from a mixed culture of infective larvae of the nematode parasites of sheep and cattle. We examined the hares post-mortem for the establishment of those ruminant nematodes, differences in weight changes, and the shedding of eggs.  相似文献