Breeding system of Solanum integrifolium Poir. with an emphasis on sex potential and intercrossability     

Shamim Baksh  Muhammad Iqbal  Ahmad Jamal 《Euphytica》1978,27(3):811-815

Summary The breeding system of Solanum integrifolium has been studied with the view of setting up a breeding programme. Three flower types are distinguished on the basis of style length. The results of crosses among these types have elucidated that only long-style flowers are female-fertile. The medium and short-style flowers are unable to set fruits. Some of the flowers, irrespective of their stylar morphism, also exhibit male sterility which is uncommon in Solanum. The biological significance of the stylar heteromorphism has been discussed in relation to evolutionary trends in the genus and the probable cause of this phenomenon speculated upon.  相似文献   

Evidence of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection in Sindh Ibex (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capra aegagrus blythi</Emphasis>) in Pakistan as confirmed by detection of antigen and antibody     

Abubakar M  Rajput ZI  Arshed MJ  Sarwar G  Ali Q 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(4):745-747

An outbreak resulting in mortality in Sindh Ibex (Capra aegagrus blythi) was investigated. There was a history of about 36 deaths (both young and adult) during the period of 1 month. Disease appeared in a generalized form, affecting the respiratory and digestive systems. Major lesions were respiratory distress, pustules on and in the mouth, ocular–nasal discharges, and severe diarrhea. The most significant lesion was the oculonasal discharges and diarrhea. Deaths were mainly due to blindness, anorexia, diarrhea, and respiratory arrest. Both adult (mortality = 21) and young (mortality = 15) animals were affected with the disease. Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antigen was detected in the spleen, lung, lymph node, and swab samples by immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spleen and lung samples were also tested and found positive for the presence of F-gene of PPRV by polymerase chain reaction. Thirteen of 20 serum samples from nearby sheep and goats were found positive for antibodies to PPRV. The disease threatened the huge population of ibex in the wild life park, which was spread over a large area, but vaccination of the domestic population of sheep and goats in the surrounding villages appeared to control the disease.  相似文献   

Characterization of a heterodimeric GH2 β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus sakei Lb790 and formation of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides     

Iqbal S  Nguyen TH  Nguyen HA  Nguyen TT  Maischberger T  Kittl R  Haltrich D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(8):3803-3811

The lacLM genes from Lactobacillus sakei Lb790, encoding a heterodimeric β-galactosidase that belongs to glycoside hydrolase family GH2, were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli . Subsequently, the recombinant β-galactosidase LacLM was purified to apparent homogeneity and characterized. The enzyme is a β-galactosidase with narrow substrate specificity because o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (oNPG) was efficiently hydrolyzed, whereas various structurally related oNP analogues were not. The K(m) and k(cat) values for oNPG and lactose were 0.6 mM and 180 s(-1) and 20 mM and 43 s(-1), respectively. The enzyme is inhibited competitively by its two end-products D-galactose and D-glucose (K(i) values of 180 and 475 mM, respectively). As judged by the ratio of the inhibition constant to the Michaelis constant, K(i)/K(m), this inhibition is only very moderate and much less pronounced than for other microbial β-galactosidases. β-Galactosidase from L. sakei possesses high transgalactosylation activity and was used for the synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides (GalOS), employing lactose at a concentration of 215 g/L. The maximum GalOS yield was 41% (w/w) of total sugars at 77% lactose conversion and contained mainly non-lactose disaccharides, trisaccharides, and tetrasaccharides with approximately 38, 57, and 5% of total GalOS formed, respectively. The enzyme showed a strong preference for the formation of β-(1→6)-linked transgalactosylation products, whereas β-(1→3)-linked compounds were formed to a lesser extent and β-(1→4)-linked reaction products could not be detected.  相似文献   

A new equation to simulate the contact between soil and maize residues of different sizes during their decomposition     

Akhtar Iqbal  Patricia Garnier  Gwenaëlle Lashermes  Sylvie Recous 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2014,50(4):645-655

The availability of soil nutrients, which are recycled through the decomposition of crop residues, is important for the management of cropped soils. However, knowledge regarding the influence of contact between crop residues and soil on the dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil is limited. In particular, the effect of particle size on decomposition is not well-known, and conceptual approaches for modelling the soil-residue contact in a decomposition model remain scarce. Therefore, we analysed and modelled the effect of maize stem particle length on decomposition. We incubated maize stem residues with particle sizes of 0.02, 0.5, 2 and 5 cm in length in a loamy soil at 25 °C over 301 days. We continuously measured the mineralisation of C and N and determined the chemical evolution of the remaining particles. We used the decomposition model CANTIS which takes into account the soil-residue contact, using a contact factor, K_MZ. The decomposition rates of smaller maize particles were higher than those of larger particles during the early phases of decomposition. However, these differences were not maintained after 301 days. These results suggest that a larger size of the maize particles only slowed the rate of mineralisation in the short term but did not modify decomposition in the medium term. We proposed a new formalism for expressing the changes in soil-residue contact with different particle sizes. The contact factor K_MZ was calculated using the standardised specific surface area and can be applied more widely to residues that differ in morphology and density.  相似文献   

In-plant activation of root-specific expression of a cytotoxic gene disrupts the development of the root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne javanica     

Susan Mary Philip  John Fosu-Nyarko  Sadia Iqbal  Zhaohui Wang  Michael G. K. Jones 《Plant pathology》2022,71(3):702-714

Plant hosts can be engineered to disrupt the development of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes or proper functioning of the feeding sites the nematodes induce. The use of constitutive promoters to express dsRNAs or nematode inhibitor proteins may be unreliable because of possible silencing or yield penalty from continuous expression in a plant host. This ill-effect can be avoided if a root-specific, nematode-responsive promoter (NRP) is used to drive the target nematode-inhibitory message. This study used the In Plant Activation (INPACT) system to express a barstar-controlled barnase in galls of Meloidogyne javanica and assessed how the engineered tobacco lines affected the growth and development of the nematodes. Of the 11 combinations of four NRPs and the CaMV 35S promoter assessed, the AtCel1 and TobRB7 combinations activated specific expression of split β-glucuronidase (GUS) and barnase genes in and around giant cells. The same NRP combination directed expression of the barnase gene in tobacco roots also constitutively expressing the barstar gene (SPBB transgenic lines). On roots of six T₁ SPBB lines, there was up to 94% reduction in the number of galls with significantly smaller adult females compared to those on wild-type plants. Some of the females on lines SPBB4-1 and SPBB-4-2, for example, were not associated with galls. The results indicated the engineered plants disrupted M. javanica development and demonstrate the potential for controlled and localized expression of peptides, such as those that could block specific effectors, to disrupt initiation, formation, establishment, or proper functioning of feeding cells induced by damaging sedentary nematodes.  相似文献   

EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF PLANT SPECIES OF SOONE VALLEY IN PUNJAB,PAKISTAN     

Kafeel Ahmad  Zafar Iqbal Khan  Muhammad Ibrahim  Muhammad Ashraf  Mumtaz Hussain 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(4):496-517

The key component for global sustainability is plant diversity, an essential for living sources on this planet. An investigation was carried out in the Soone Valley, Punjab, Pakistan to determine the nutritional value of plant diversity in relation to requirements of grazing ruminants therein. Various parameters such as moisture content, crude protein, mineral matter, fat fiber content, dry matter, nitrogen free extractable substances, and net energy were evaluated in this investigation. Results showed that various plant species studied exhibited fluctuation in all parameters in this valley. Correlation studies also indicated that various parameters showed negative as well as positive significant relationships with various parameters of soil in this valley. The information will be useful in further conservation program. A. farnesiana was negatively correlated (?0.335) with protein and mineral matter (?0.048). Significant correlations of different plant species regarding nitrogen- phosphorus- potassium (NPK) were recorded with net energy. Various variables studied in this investigation demonstrated their importance to be used in further conservation, research, and grazing livestock programs.  相似文献   

Accumulative effects of humic acid and multinutrient foliar fertilizers on the vegetative and reproductive attributes of citrus (Citrus reticulata cv. kinnow mandarin)     

Amir Hameed  Shabih Fatma  Javed Iqbal Wattoo  Muhammad Yaseen  Saeed Ahmad 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(19):2495-2506

Abstract

Field trials were performed to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) and multinutrient foliar fertilizer “Micro Power” (MP) coupled with farmer’s practices ( FP ), addressed in single and/or split dose frames at different plant phenological stages on various vegetative, reproductive, and physiological attributes of citrus trees (Citrus reticulata cv. kinnow mandarin). The results exhibited a profound response of treatments on various growth parameters (32.5% increase in plant height, 22.2% increase in fruit set branch^?1, 5.25% decrease in fruit drop percentage, 89.81% increase in fruit yield (kg), etc.) of citrus trees when compared to the control (FP). Likewise, a significant positive response was observed regarding various plant physiological parameters (leaf nutrients, total chlorophyll content, etc.) and physicochemical characteristics (ascorbic acid, total sugars, etc.) of citrus fruits. This study confirmed the reproducibility of HA and MP applications to improve the yield/quality of citrus and can lead to an organically sustainable citriculture.  相似文献   

Rice straw biochar amended soil improves wheat productivity and accumulated phosphorus in grain     

Md Toufiq Iqbal  Ibrahim Ortaş  Ibrahim. A. M. Ahmed  Mehmet Isik  Md Shariful Islam 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(14):1605-1623

Abstract

Biochar is a pyrolyzed biomass produced under limited oxygen or oxygen absent conditions. Few investigations have been conducted to determine the combined effect of biochar with chemical fertilizer on growth, yield and nutrient distribution pattern in root, shoot and grain in wheat as well as changes in soil physiochemical properties. This research was designed to study the combined effect of chemical fertilizer and rice straw-derived biochar on soil physio-chemical properties, growth, yield and nutrient distribution pattern within wheat plant tissue and grain. Results showed that rice straw biochar caused a significant decrease in soil pH and increase in soil organic matter as well as nutrients like total nitrogen (TN), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and boron (B) due to incubation. Result also showed that root biomass and straw did not differ between Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) and ½ BARC?+?rice straw biochar treatment. Similarly, thousand grain weight and grain yield did not differ between the same treatments. The phosphorus concentration in wheat grain was highest in ½ BARC?+?rice straw biochar as compared to other treatments. The use of rice straw biochar in addition to the chemical fertilizers in wheat production systems is an economically feasible and practical nutrient management practice. Our findings urged that reduction of chemical fertilizer application is possible with supplementation of rice straw biochar.  相似文献   

Effect of short-term supply of farmyard manure on maize growth and soil parameters in pot culture     

Sajid Masood  Tayyaba Naz  M. Tariq Javed  Ijaz Ahmed  Habib Ullah  Muhammad Iqbal 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3):337-347

Farmyard manure (FYM) improves various soil parameters and to a large extent, the availability of water and nutrient to crops when it is applied to the soil. This study aims to further investigate the short-term effects of different levels of FYM on maize plants and soil parameters. Maize plants grown in pot culture were treated with no FYM (control), recommended NPK (inorganic fertilizers), and FYM at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 t ha^?1 along with recommended NPK, and the cultures were analyzed 8 weeks after germination. Soil bulk density and soil pH decreased with the increasing levels of FYM, whereas soil porosity, soil organic matter (SOM), soil water content, plant height, root and shoot yield, and NPK uptake of maize were increased compared with the control or recommended NPK, respectively. The present results indicate that short-term application of higher FYM levels improves soil properties. Furthermore, the application of FYM at only higher rates significantly increases the nutrient uptake of maize plants due to improved soil properties. The supply of different amounts of nutrients increases biomass and nutrient uptake in plants.  相似文献   

Investigating the effect of Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium pisi on agronomic traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)     

Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer  Muhammad Farrukh Saleem  Imran Haider Khan  Salman Ahmad  Rashid Iqbal 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(11):1554-1564

ABSTRACT

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an important role in improving crop growth but have not been studied sufficiently. A wire house experiment was conducted in Pakistan to determine the combined effect of inoculating wheat seeds with PGPR on the subsequent growth and yield of the wheat. The experiment included four treatments: T_{0 –} no-inoculation (control), T₁ – Azospirillum brasilense inoculation, T₂ – Rhizobium pisi inoculation and T₃ – co-inoculation with A. brasilense and R. pisi. Development and growth attributes, as well as final yield of wheat, were studied. Co-inoculation of seeds with both strains increased significantly wheat grain yield, the number of grains per plant and 1000-grain weight by 36%, 11% and 17%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated control. While crop growth rate increased for, respectively, 5.5% and 33% at tillering and flag leaf stages, corresponding values for T₃ were about 9% and 14% higher than values for sole inoculations in T₁ and T₂. Co-inoculation also significantly increased leaf epicuticular wax and relative water content as compared to the control treatment. Thus, inoculation of wheat seeds with A. brasilense and R. pisi and their combination is a promising method to improve growth, yield and quality of wheat.  相似文献