Laboratory Yields and Process Stream Compositions from E‐Mill and Dry‐Grind Corn Processes Using a Granular Starch Hydrolyzing Enzyme     

Amit Arora  Bruce S. Dien  Ronald L. Belyea  Ping Wang  Vijay Singh  M. E. Tumbleson  Kent D. Rausch 《Cereal Chemistry》2010,87(2):100-103

In dry‐grind corn processing, the whole kernel is fermented to produce ethanol and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS); the E‐Mill process was developed to generate coproducts in addition to DDGS. Compositions of thin stillage and wet grains obtained from the E‐Mill process will be different from the dry‐grind process. Knowledge of thin stillage compositions will provide information to improve coproducts from both processes. Laboratory dry‐grind and E‐Mill processes that used granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes (GSHE) were compared and process yields determined. Two methods, centrifugation and screening, were used to produce thin stillage and wet grains from the laboratory processes. Compositions of process streams were determined. In the dry‐grind process using GSHE, solids contents of beer, whole stillage, and wet grains were higher compared to the same fractions from the E‐Mill process using GSHE. Solids contents of mash for both processes were similar. Total solids, soluble solids, and ash contents of thin stillage were similar for the two processes. Fat content of thin stillage from E‐Mill was lower than that from the dry‐grind process; protein content of E‐Mill thin stillage was higher than that from dry‐grind thin stillage. Removal of germ and fiber before fermentation changed composition of thin stillage from the E‐Mill process. The screening method produced higher thin stillage and lower wet grains yields than using a centrifugation method. The screening method was less time consuming but resulted in limited wet grains material for additional analyses or processing. The centrifugation method of thin stillage separation removed more solids from thin stillage than the screening method.  相似文献   

Modeling Mediterranean forest fuels by integrating field data and mapping tools     

Francisco Rodríguez y Silva  Juan Ramón Molina-Martínez 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(3):571-582

Fire behavior modeling systems are important in predicting wildfire risk, fire growth, and fire effects. However, simulation software requires a new fuel modeling to include fuel treatments, prescribed fire and the transition to crown fire. The thirteen Rothermel models are insufficient in completely representing Mediterranean ecosystems. In this sense, the new American modeling includes five fuel types, requiring the acquisition of hybrid models made up of the mixture of grass and shrub and the grass or shrub mixed with litter from forest canopy. Respecting meteorological conditions and shrub characteristics, field studies have shown significant differences between American and Mediterranean models. As a consequence, the definition of new Mediterranean models requires the adjustment of specific parameters such as fuel load by category (live and dead) and particle size class (1-, 10- and 100-h time-lag), fuelbed depth and surface area-to-volume ratio. These new parameters were obtained in situ of sample itineraries, prescribed fires, and forest fires. The availability of this new modeling, validated on a field of regional scale, will facilitate preventive planning and management as well as an efficient application of suppression techniques, both ground and aerial operations, required in defending a territory against forest fires.  相似文献   

Expression analysis of BsAPase14 acid phosphatase,a stress responsive boiling-stable protein from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis>     

Arun Dev Sharma  Gurmeen Rakhra  Jatinder Singh 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2012,15(1):41-45

Developmental regulation and effect of abiotic stresses (osmotic, salt, heat, and drought) on induction of boiling-stable acid phosphatases (BsAPases) was studied in the growing wheat seedlings. SDS-PAGE revealed the induction of several boiling-stable polypeptides in a spatial and temporal manner in the growing seedlings. Western blot analysis, using polyclonal acid phosphatase antiserum, revealed the induction of a cross-reacting one 14 kDa boiling-stable acid phosphatase band (14 kDa, BsAPase14) in endosperm at 7 and 14 days of germination (DOG). Various abiotic stresses (heat, salt, and osmotic) also elicit accumulation of BsAPase14 in a tissue-dependent manner. Imposition of drought stress also resulted in an induction of boiling-stable protein (BsAPase-14) which disappeared after removing the stress. Based upon these observations, the possible role of BsAPase14 in water-stress tolerance is discussed.  相似文献   

SSR markers linked to kernel weight and tiller number in sorghum identified by association mapping     

Hari D. Upadhyaya  Yi-Hong Wang  Shivali Sharma  Sube Singh  Karl H. Hasenstein 《Euphytica》2012,187(3):401-410

Sorghum is an energy crop with high biomass production potential and low input requirement. To identify markers linked to grain and biomass production traits, 43 SSR markers were mapped for association with tiller number and kernel weight using the sorghum mini core of 242 landraces. While kernel weight was evaluated in two environments, tiller number was evaluated in four environments. The number of SSR alleles was positively correlated with polymorphism information content for the markers. Association mapping found one marker (4-162) linked to kernel weight and two (40-1896 and 81-108) to tiller numbers. 4-162 and 40-1896 co-localized with previously mapped quantitative trait loci. Localized association mapping around 81-108 identified an amino-cyclopropane-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase gene as a candidate for tiller number. ACC oxidase is an ethylene forming enzyme and increased ethylene level has been shown to increase the number of tillers in the grass family. The results provide the groundwork to identify genes regulating kernel weight and tiller number in sorghum in the future.  相似文献   

Conservation of microsatellite regions across legume genera enhances marker repertoire and genetic diversity study in Phaseolus genotypes     

Subhojit Datta  Mayank Kaashyap  Pallavi Singh  P. Gupta  Tuba Anjum K.  Sahil Mahfooz  Sanjeev Gupta 《Plant Breeding》2012,131(2):307-311

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Genomic characterization of drought tolerance-related traits in spring wheat     

Sundeep Kumar  Sunish Kumar Sehgal  Uttam Kumar  P. V. Vara Prasad  Arun Kumar Joshi  Bikram Singh Gill 《Euphytica》2012,186(1):265-276

Drought tolerance was investigated in ‘C306’, one of the most drought tolerant wheat cultivars bred in India in the 1960’s. An intervarietal mapping population of recombinant inbred lines of the cross ‘C306’ × ‘HUW206’ was evaluated for drought tolerance components, namely potential quantum efficiency of photosystem (PS) II (F_v/F_m), chlorophyll content (Chl), flag leaf temperature (Lt), and grain yield per plant (Gyp) under stress. Three independent experiments were conducted under well-watered and water-stressed conditions in greenhouses and growth chambers at Kansas State University (USA). Five hundred and sixty microsatellite markers covering the entire genome were screened for polymorphism between the parents. A QTL (QLt.ksu-1D) for Lt (low flag leaf temperature under stress) on the short arm of chromosome 1D between markers Xbarc271 and Xgwm337 at LOD 3.5 explained 37% of the phenotypic variation. A QTL for F_v/F_m (QF _v /F _m .ksu-3B) and Chl (QChl.ksu-3B) controlling quantum efficiency of PS II and chlorophyll content under stress were co-localized on chromosome 3B in the marker interval Xbarc68–Xbarc101 and explained 35–40% of the phenotypic variation for each trait. A QTL (QGyp.ksu-4A) for Gyp on chromosome 4A at a LOD value of 3.2 explained 16.3% of the phenotypic variation. Inconsistent QTLs were observed for F_v/F_m on chromosomes 3A, 6A, 2B, 4B, and 4D; for Chl on 3A, 6A, 2B and 4B; and for Lt on 1A, 3A 6A, 3B and 5B. The identified QTLs give a first glimpse of the genetics of drought tolerance in C306 and need to be validated in field experiments using the marker-phenotype linkages reported here.  相似文献   

Expression of interleukin-8 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the synovial membrane and cranial cruciate ligament of dogs after rupture of the ligament     

El-Hadi M  Charavaryamath C  Aebischer A  Smith CW  Shmon C  Singh B 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2012,76(1):8-15

This cross-sectional clinical study compared inflammation, including expression of the chemokine interleukin (IL)-8 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), in the stifle joints of 4 control dogs and 23 dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). The CCL, synovial membrane, meniscus, cartilage, and synovial fluid from the affected stifle joints of all the dogs were examined. Inflammatory cell counts were performed on the synovial fluid, and the tissues were processed for histologic study and immunohistochemical detection of IL-8 and ICAM-1. The synovial fluid from the stifle joints of the dogs with CCLR had an increased percentage of neutrophils (P = 0.054) and a decreased percentage of lymphocytes (P = 0.004) but not macrophages compared with the fluid from the control dogs. There was accumulation of inflammatory cells and increased expression of IL-8 and ICAM-1 in the vascular endothelium of the synovial membrane and the CCL of the dogs with CCLR. The increase in inflammatory cells in the stifle joints of dogs with CCLR may therefore be due to increased expression of IL-8 and ICAM-1 in the synovial membrane and the CCL after the injury. These data may help in understanding the mechanisms of inflammation associated with CCLR.  相似文献   

Enhancing growth and biomass production of plantation and associated vegetation through rainwater harvesting in degraded hills in southern Rajasthan,India     

G. Singh 《New Forests》2012,43(3):349-364

Natural resource conservation and rehabilitation are the best options to control land degradation and enhance biomass for fodder and fuelwood. Rainwater harvesting structures viz. Contour trench (CT), gradonie (G), box trench (BT) and V-ditch (VD) with a control were prepared in <10%, 10–20% and >20% slopes and Acacia catechu L. seedlings were planted in August 2005 to enhance soil water, nutrient and biomass and to rehabilitate degraded hill. Soil pH, SOC and NH₄-N decreased while EC, NO₃-N and PO₄-P increased in June 2009. Soil water, nutrients, plant growth and biomass were highest (P < 0.05) in <10% and lowest in 10–20% slopes. Soil waters were 13 and 52% greater in >20 and <10% than in soil at 10–20% slope. The soil waters were 18, 16, 24 and 14% greater in CT, G, BT and VD treatments, respectively over control, which enhanced plant height and collar diameter in December 2009 over 2005. The highest growth and biomass were in CT and VD plots, respectively. Herbage biomass was highest (P < 0.05) in <10% slope in 2005, 10–20% slope in 2006/2008 and >20% slope in 2007/2009. Harvesting of rainwater increased herbage biomass by 24–71%, and was highest in VD plots. Conclusively, rainwater harvesting enhanced soil water, nutrients, vegetation covers and plant growth and biomass during restoration of degraded hills. Gradonie and CT/BT facilitated herbage and plant growth, respectively, whereas V-ditch was effective for both.  相似文献   

Post-fire salvage logging increases restoration costs in a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem     

Alexandro B. Leverkus  Carolina Puerta-Pi?ero  José Ramón Guzmán-álvarez  Javier Navarro  Jorge Castro 《New Forests》2012,43(5-6):601-613

Post-fire salvage logging (i.e. felling and removing burnt trees, often eliminating the remaining woody debris) is a practice routinely performed by forest managers worldwide. In Mediterranean-type ecosystems, salvage logging is considered a measure to reduce future reforestation costs, but this assumption remains largely untested. We made a cost analysis of different management schemes, addressing the immediate post-fire burnt-wood management as well as the costs and success of subsequent reforestation efforts. Two experimental 25-ha plots were established in a burnt pine reforestation of SE Spain, in which three replicates of three post-fire treatments were applied: non-intervention (NI), partial cut plus lopping (PCL; felling and lopping off the branches from most of the trees, leaving all biomass in situ), and salvage logging (SL). After 4?years, a mechanised reforestation was undertaken, and seedling mortality was monitored for 2?years. The cost of all management operations was recorded in situ, and the cost of re-planting the dead seedlings was estimated according to the expenses of previous reforestation. Initial cost of wood management was greatest in SL and zero in NI. Reforestation cost was highest in NI and lowest in SL, and seedling-mortality rates proved lowest in PCL (43?% vs. 51?% and 52?% in SL and NI, respectively). Considering all the post-fire management operations, salvage logging did not provide particular economic advantages for forest restoration, and had an overall cost of 3,436?±?340?€/ha. By contrast, NI and PCL reduced total restoration costs by 50 and 35?%, respectively, and PCL indeed promoted restoration success. We suggest that the full cost of management operations needs to be considered when evaluating the economic implications of post-fire salvage logging.  相似文献   

Widespread exposure to Sarcoptes scabiei in wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Spain     

Millán J  Casáis R  Delibes-Mateos M  Calvete C  Rouco C  Castro F  Colomar V  Casas-Díaz E  Ramírez E  Moreno S  Prieto JM  Villafuerte R 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,183(3-4):323-329

Sarcoptic mange was recently described in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in north-eastern Mediterranean Spain, the first such infection reported in this species anywhere in the world. This finding has created concern in conservationists and game managers given that an outbreak of mange after a translocation would have catastrophic consequences for na?ve rabbit populations in other parts of Spain. A retrospective serosurvey using an 'in house' ELISA test based on the use of a recombinant antigen aimed at determining the rates of contact with Sarcoptes scabiei was carried out on sera from 966 rabbits collected between 1993 and 2010 in Spain. Antibodies were found in 13% of wild rabbits in 60% of the 53 areas surveyed, as well as in 16 of the 17 Spanish provinces and islands studied. Seropositive rabbits were found amongst the oldest samples analyzed and in all studied years. Antibodies were also detected in 36% of rabbits from the protected island of Dragonera, where rabbits have probably not been released since the 1970s. On Mallorca, where 89 rabbits were inspected for both lesions and antibodies, the prevalence of lesions (5.6%) was much lower than the seroprevalence (22.5%), indicating that rabbits often survive infection or that ELISA detects infected rabbits before they develop visible lesions. Seroprevalence was higher in areas with medium levels of rabbit abundance, no restocking and high rainfall. The results show that mange is widespread in rabbits and that the mite is not a recent introduction. Thus, sarcoptic mange could be considered as an enzootic disease in the wild rabbit and so prophylactic measures implemented during rabbit translocations are to be encouraged to avoid local outbreaks in na?ve populations.  相似文献