Histopathological and parasitological study of the gastrointestinal tract of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum     

Aldair JW Pinto  Maria M Figueiredo  Fabiana L Silva  Trycia Martins  Marilene SM Michalick  Washington L Tafuri  Wagner L Tafuri 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2011,53(1):67

Background

The aim of this study was to provide a systematic pathological and parasitological overview of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon, of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania.

Methods

Twenty mongrel dogs naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and obtained from the Control Zoonosis Center of the Municipality of Ribeirão das Neves, Belo Horizonte Metropolitan area, Minas Gerais (MG) state, Brazil, were analyzed. The dogs were divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised nine clinically normal dogs and group 2 comprised 11 clinically affected dogs. After necropsy, one sample was collected from each GIT segment, namely the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon. Furthermore, paraffin-embedded samples were used for histological and parasitological (immunohistochemistry) evaluation and a morphometrical study were carried out to determine the parasite load (immunolabeled amastigote forms of Leishmania). The Friedman and the Mann Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. The Friedman test was used to analyze each segment of the GIT within each group of dogs and the Mann Whitney test was used to compare the GIT segments between clinically unaffected and affected dogs.

Results

The infected dogs had an increased number of macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes, but lesions were generally mild. Parasite distribution in the GIT was evident in all intestinal segments and layers of the intestinal wall (mucosal, muscular and submucosal) irrespective of the clinical status of the dogs. However, the parasite load was statistically higher in the caecum and colon than in other segments of the GIT.

Conclusion

The high parasite burden evident throughout the GIT mucosa with only mild pathological alterations led us to consider whether Leishmania gains an advantage from the intestinal immunoregulatory response (immunological tolerance).  相似文献   

Long-term productivity growth and sustainability of Greek irrigated agriculture     

SM Fakhrul Islam  Mohd. Kamruzzaman 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3):311-324

The present study examines the long-term productivity growth and sustainability of Greek irrigated agriculture. A log linear trend model was used to measure long-term productivity growth, and the total factor productivity (TFP) approach measures the sustainability of the irrigated production system. A time series database of inputs and outputs data were used for the production period of 1961?–?2001 (41 years) which revealed that there is an increasing trend in the irrigated area of the country. The annual growth rate of the irrigated area is 2.6% during this time period. The long-term trends in yields of crops grown in irrigated agriculture are positive. Fertilizer use rate per ha sharply increases during this period. The productivity of irrigated Greek agriculture also increases over the time period as a result of the introduction of High Yielding Variety (HYV), seed, fertilizer and water technology. The measurement of TFP indices indicates that the long-term trend in productivity growth of irrigated Greek agricultural system is positive. The result implies that the irrigated Greek agricultural production system has long-term sustainability. The result also indicates that fertilizer, fixed capital, rainfall and temperature are positively contributing to the mean production of Greek irrigated agriculture. On the other hand, pesticide, labour and fixed capital reduces variability of irrigated agriculture. To this end, long-term agricultural sustainability depends on patterns of input use.  相似文献   

The Effects of Growth Factor on Testicular Germ Cell Apoptosis in the Stallion     

Casey L. Donnelly MS  Christophe Staub PhD  Dickson Varner PhD  DVM  Terry Blanchard PhD  DVM  Larry Johnson PhD  David W. Forrest PhD   《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2007,27(5):212-216

Apoptosis is necessary for both initiation and control of spermatogenesis; however, an increase in apoptosis can lead to subfertility/infertility in stallions, causing substantial financial loss in the equine industry. The ability of stem cell factor (SCF), leukemia-inhibiting factor (LIF), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and estradiol (E₂), alone or in combination, to prevent apoptosis of germ cells in short-term equine testicular cultures was examined. Testicular tissue was sectioned into approximately 2-mm cubes and placed in media-filled culture chambers. Concentrations of SCF (100 ng/mL), LIF (10 ng/mL), GM-CSF (5 ng/mL), and E₂ (10⁻⁹ mol/l) were added alone or in combination to each well. After 6 hours in culture, the tissue was fixed and immunohistochemically (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling; TUNEL) stained for apoptosis detection. Apoptotic cells per 100 Sertoli cell nuclei within seminiferous tubules were counted until the 500^th Sertoli cell nuclei was reached. This counting procedure was used for each slide. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey's test was used to compare apoptotic rates. In comparison with the control, GM-CSF alone lowered apoptosis by 34.77%. GM-CSF–treated tissue combined with SCF and LIF as well as GM-CSF combined with SCF, LIF, and E₂ reduced apoptosis when compared with the control (37.45% and 44.40%, respectively) or other treatment combinations. GM-CSF alone reduced apoptosis; results suggest possible synergy for the combinations of SCF and LIF with GM-CSF and for E₂ with SCF, LIF, and GM-CSF.  相似文献   

Effect of dietary crude-protein type on fertilization and embryo quality in dairy cattle   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

T Blanchard  J Ferguson  L Love  T Takeda  B Henderson  J Hasler  W Chalupa 《American journal of veterinary research》1990,51(6):905-908

An experiment was conducted to determine whether balancing dietary crude protein for optimal rumen degradability would improve fertilization rate and quality of ova in lactating dairy cows. Thirty-eight Holstein cows in early lactation were fed 1 of 2 diets formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, containing 16% crude protein. Diet 1 contained 73% rumen degradable intake protein, whereas diet 2 contained 64% rumen degradable intake protein. The cows were induced to superovulate and were inseminated, and ova were recovered nonsurgically on postbreeding day 7. Ova were counted and classified as fertilized or unfertilized. Fertilized ova were scored as excellent, good, fair, poor, or degenerate. Unfertilized ova and poor and degenerate embryos were considered to be nontransferable ova and excellent, good, and fair embryos were considered to be transferable ova. There were no differences for mean number of fertilized, unfertilized, transferable, or nontransferable ova recovered from cows fed the 2 diets (P greater than 0.10). Mean percentage of fertilized ova recovered from cows was greater (P less than 0.05) in those fed diet 2, compared with diet 1. Mean percentage of transferable ova recovered from cows tended to be greater (P = 0.06) in those fed diet 2, compared with diet 1. More cows failed to yield transferable ova (P less than 0.05) when fed diet 1, compared with diet 2. Fertilization failure or early degeneration of embryos may occur in cows fed excess rumen degradable protein.  相似文献   

Cryosurgery for treatment of recurrent proliferative keratoconjunctivitis in five dogs     

C A Wheeler  G L Blanchard  H Davidson 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1989,195(3):354-357

Cryosurgery was used for treatment of recurrent proliferative keratoconjunctivitis in 5 dogs that had been treated with combined medical and surgical procedures without success. Four dogs recovered completely after one application of cryosurgery. The fifth dog did not respond to cryosurgery until after oral administration of corticosteroids was stopped, indicating a possible immune-mediated mechanism of action of cryosurgery on proliferative keratoconjunctivitis.  相似文献   

Immunoglobulin A myeloma in a cat with pleural effusion and serum hyperviscosity   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

E C Hawkins  B F Feldman  P C Blanchard 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1986,188(8):876-878

Immunoglobulin A myeloma, serum hyperviscosity, and septic pleuritis were diagnosed in a cat with pleural and peritoneal effusions. Serum hyperviscosity was determined by use of a WBC pipette, and clinical manifestations included retinopathy and cardiac changes. The presence of Salmonella typhimurium in the pleural fluid may have resulted from increased susceptibility to infection. Postmortem examination revealed plasma cell infiltration of the pleura, mesenteric lymph nodes, and the serosa of the intestine, liver, and spleen. This case represents an unusual form of myeloma in the cat.  相似文献   

Venereal disease.     

T L Blanchard  R M Kenney  P J Timoney 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》1992,8(1):191-203

Equine venereal infections of concern in the United States include EHV-3, T. equigenitalis, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. Stallions may also harbor EAV in the genital tract and transmit the virus to mares during coitus. With the exception of EHV-3, the stallion generally remains asymptomatic while transmitting infections to mares during breeding. Methods for diagnosis, treatment, and control of these infections are discussed.  相似文献   

Effects of chronic GRF treatment on lambs having low or normal birth weight     

P. Pastoureau  J. Charrier  M.M. Blanchard  G. Boivin  J.P. Dulor  M. Theriez  B. Barenton 《Domestic animal endocrinology》1989,6(4):321-329

The effects of a long term treatment with human GRF(1–29)NH2 on plasma growth hormone (GH), somatomedin C (Sm-C), histomorphometric parameters of bone growth and body composition were investigated in normal and low birthweight male lambs. The animals were divided into two groups according to their birthweight: 24 normal birthweight (NBW) lambs weighing more than 4 kg and 22 low birthweight (LBW) lambs weighing less than 2.5 kg at birth. Half of the animals in each group received two daily subcutaneous injections (8 μg/kg body weight) of hGRF(1–29)NH2 (GRF) from birth to slaughter at 45 or 90 days of age. The other animals received the solvant only. At the beginning and at the end of the treatment, plasma GH and serum Sm-C concentrations were measured in all groups. After slaughter, a histomorphometric study was performed on undecalcified sections of metacarpal growth plates, and the remaining of the carcass was pulverized to study the chemical body composition.

GRF induced GH release in both GRF-treated groups. However, plasma GH reached higher (P<.001) concentrations and the GRF-induced GH peak lasted longer in LBW than in NBW lambs. At day 45, the GRF treatment increased (P<.05) serum Sm-C concentrations in LBW. Most of histomorphometric parameters reflecting the metacarpal growth in length, were not statistically modified under GRF treatment. However, the size of degenerative cells was smaller (P<.05) in LBW treated lambs as compared to controls. Consequently, the cell production in the growth plate was increased (P<.05) under GRF treatment. In both NBW and LBW groups at 45 days of treatment, GRF treatment reduced the amounts of lipids (P<.025) and energy (P<.05), while increased (P<.01) phosphorus deposition in the body. In contrast, there was no effect of GRF treatment on protein content.

We conclude from this experiment that the induction of GH secretion by a chronic treatment with GRF is able to modify some patterns of growth. However, most of the effects of GRF were observed in LBW lambs and after 45 days of treatment only. This suggests that treatment with GRF may serve to compensate for growth in growth-retarded animals. Further studies with different mode of GRF administration should indicate whether it is as much effective in normal animals.  相似文献   

Evaluation of equine corneal disease using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT)     

Allison Blanchard  Erin M. Barr  Brian C. Gilger 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2019,22(6):791-798

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Live and inactivated vaccine regimens against caecal Salmonella Typhimurium colonisation in laying hens          下载免费PDF全文

PJ Groves  SM Sharpe  WI Muir  A Pavic  JM Cox 《Australian veterinary journal》2016,94(10):387-393

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