Fat extraction from acid- and base-hydrolyzed food samples using accelerated solvent extraction     

Ullah SM  Murphy B  Dorich B  Richter B  Srinivasan K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(6):2169-2174

This paper describes a new in-cell method for pursuing accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) prior to lipid analysis from food samples. It is difficult to pursue direct ASE with acid- or base-hydrolyzed samples due to the corrosive nature of the reagents and material limitations. In this study ion exchange based materials were used to remove acid or base reagents in-cell without compromising the recovery of lipids. The performance data are presented here for the new methods for lipid extraction for a variety of food samples and compared to the Mojonnier method. NIST Standard Reference Materials (SRM-1546 and SRM-1849) were used to validate the ASE methods. Excellent fat recoveries were obtained for the ASE methods. The new methods presented here enhance the utility of ASE and eliminate labor intensive protocols.  相似文献   

Systematic landscape restoration using integer programming   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Neville D. Crossman  Brett A. Bryan 《Biological conservation》2006,128(3):369-383

In some agricultural regions, reservation of remnant natural lands will not maintain the natural biodiversity and large-scale ecological restoration is required. Geographic planning for restoration is essential to obtain the maximum ecological benefit from the limited resources available for landscape restoration. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept that implements principles of systematic conservation planning, such as adequacy, representativeness, efficiency and flexibility, within an integer programming framework to identify geographic priorities for landscape restoration in a small catchment in South Australia. Integer programming ensures maximally efficient solutions that meet conservation targets in the form of minimum proportions (30%) and minimum areas (15 ha) of each environment type. However, the optimum solution identifies a system of scattered sites with an inadequate and impractical landscape structure. We propose a system of impedance surfaces that prioritise the spatial location of restoration towards improving landscape structure. Different options for systematic landscape restoration are assessed and the costs of spatial prioritisation of areas is found to be either optimal or very near optimal regardless of the impedances used. Thus, the cost of spatial prioritisation of sites for restoration in the landscape is negligible. We suggest the proposed methodology fits within a broader plan for landscape restoration and natural resource management.  相似文献   

A serological comparison of complement fixation reactions using Brucella abortus and B. melitensis antigens in B. abortus infected cattle     

S Herr  J V Lawrence  O L Brett  L M Ribeiro 《The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research》1991,58(2):111-114

Brucella abortus and B. melitensis antigens were used in parallel on the National Standard Brucella abortus antiserum and on field sera coming from cattle where practically exclusively B. abortus biotypes 1 and 2 have been isolated over the last 11 years. With the National Standard serum the titres to B. melitensis were consistently lower than those to B. abortus antigen. Most were 1 dilution (twofold) lower. Although a similar trend was seen with the field sera, there were 7/346 sera which had twofold or higher titres to B. melitensis antigen. Although this may be due to the vagaries of the test it also warrants closer investigation of the animals concerned to see whether M-antigen predominant Brucella biotypes are possibly present. The use of the dual antigens could identify herds which are infected only with A-antigen predominant brucellae but would not be reliable for classifying individual animals.  相似文献   

ULTRASONIC DETERMINATION OF KIDNEY VOLUME IN THE DOG     

Thomas G.  Nyland  DVM  Brett M.  Kantrowitz  DVM  †Paul  Fisher  Harvey J.  Olander  DVM  PHD‡  William J.  Hornof  DVM  MS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1989,30(4):174-180

Canine kidney measurements were obtained in vivo using ultrasound before and after anesthesia and were compared with direct caliper measurements at laparotomy. Following excision, the kidney dimensions were also measured ultrasonically in a water bath and the results were used to calculate kidney -volume by a modified parallel planimetric method and three variations of a prolate ellipsoid method. The calculated volume was compared with actual kidney volume determined by volume displacement. All methods were found to underestimate actual volume so that a linear correction of ultrasonically calculated volume was required to predict actual volume. The modified parallel planimetric method and a prolate ellipsoid method using height and width determinations cranial and caudal to the renal pelvis were the best models. The prolate ellipsoid model was chosen for subsequent kidney volume calculations because of its simplicity. The noninvasive calculation of kidney volume using ultrasound was sufficiently accurate to be clinically useful, particularly when serially evaluating kidney size changes in the same dog.  相似文献   

ESTIMATION OF PORTAL BLOOD FLOW USING DUPLEX REAL-TIME AND PULSED DOPPLER ULTRASOUND IMAGING IN THE DOG     

Brett M.  Kantrowitz  DVM  Thomas G.  Nyland  DVM  Paul  Fisher  BS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1989,30(5):222-226

A duplex ultrasound system incorporating a pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound probe with conventional B-mode real-time imaging was used to evaluate portal vein blood flow in eight normal dogs. Adequate visualization of the cranial abdominal vessels was obtained from the right lateral 11th or 12th intercostal space. Doppler spectral analysis showed non-pulsatile flow with a wide range of linear flow velocities across the vessel lumen typical of laminar blood flow. Results for portal vein blood flows were 49.8 ± 13.5 ml/min/kg body weight (mean ± SD) with a range of 37.8 - 76.8 ml/min/kg body weight. These values overestimate portal blood flow by approximately 2 times when compared with published studies using invasive techniques. This overestimation is primarily due to the use of the maximal flow velocity in the blood flow calculations.  相似文献   

Does kriging predict weed distributions accurately enough for site‐specific weed control?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

L J Rew  B Whelan  & A B Mcbratney 《Weed Research》2001,41(3):245-263

Numerous studies have demonstrated the patchy distribution of weeds within fields. The majority of these studies have used discrete sampling, recording weed densities at the intersections of regular grids. In this study, Avena spp. seedlings were recorded on square grids at four sites. The data were then divided into test and real data sets using the whole, two-thirds and one-half of the data to evaluate the consistency of global variogram models and accuracy of ordinary kriging estimates. Kriging provided poor weed density estimates at both very low and high densities, i.e. data were smoothed when compared with true values. Grid sampling took considerable time and, therefore, money to complete, whereas continuous sampling with multispectral imagery (performed at one site) was much quicker and at a finer resolution. It is suggested that sampling systems that collect continuous rather than discrete data are currently more appropriate for site-specific weed management.  相似文献   

Cohenite in meteorites: a proposed origin     

Brett R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1966,153(3731):60-62

Cohenite [(Fe, Ni)(3)C] is found almost exclusively in meteorites containing from 6 to 8 percent nickel (by weight). On the basis of iron-nickel-carbon phase diagrams at 1 atmosphere and of kinetic data, the occurrence of cohenite within this narrow composition range as a low-pressure metastable phase and the nonoccurrence of cohenite in meteorites outside the range 6 to 8 percent nickel can be explained. Cohenite formed in meteorites containing less than 6 to 8 percent nickel decomposed to metal and graphite during cooling; it cannot form in meteorites containing more than about 8 percent. The presence of cohenite in meteorites cannot be used as an indicator of pressure of formation. However, the absence of cohenite in meteorites containing the assemblage, metal plus graphite, requires low pressures during cooling.  相似文献   

Idiopathic pericarditis and cardiac tamponade in two cows     

Jesty SA  Sweeney RW  Dolente BA  Reef VB 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,226(9):1555-8, 1502

Idiopathic pericarditis is an uncommon diagnosis in cattle with cardiac tamponade. Two cows were examined for clinical signs of right-sided congestive heart failure, including tachycardia, venous distention, and peripheral edema. Muffled heart sounds were detected in one of the cows. Echocardiography in both cows revealed voluminous anechoic pericardial effusion and compression of the right atrium and right ventricle. Cytologic analysis of the pericardial fluid revealed hemorrhagic inflammation but no evidence of a septic or neoplastic condition such as traumatic reticulopericarditis or lymphoma, respectively. Pericardial drainage and lavage accompanied by treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs were curative in both cows. It is important to differentiate cows with idiopathic pericarditis from cows with more common septic pericarditis because the prognosis for the former disease appears to be good with appropriate treatment.  相似文献   

Endoscopic-assisted lumbosacral foraminotomy in the dog     

Wood BC  Lanz OI  Jones JC  Shires PK 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2004,33(3):221-231

OBJECTIVE: To determine if endoscopic-assisted foraminotomy significantly increased the area of the L7-S1 intervertebral foramen and if, over 12 weeks, stenosis would occur. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, experimental study. ANIMAL POPULATION: Six clinically normal, 22-29 kg, adult dogs. METHODS: Using endoscopic assistance, unilateral L7-S1 foraminotomy was performed. Computed tomography of L7-S1 was performed preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at 12 weeks. Parasagittal foramen area (PFA) measurements were obtained at the entry, middle, and exit zones of the treated and control foramen for each period. Objective and subjective data were compared among dogs by time period and treatment status. RESULTS: Endoscopic-assisted foraminotomy resulted in a significant increase in the mean PFA of the entry and middle zones immediately postoperatively. The exit zone was not significantly larger at any time. The foramen remained significantly larger at 12 weeks only in the middle zone; however, some decrease in the surgically created foramen enlargement occurred at all 3 levels. The procedure was well tolerated but dogs did have transient, mild delay of functional return postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic-assisted foraminotomy in dogs can be performed for certain foraminal regions, allowing enhanced visibility of the spinal canal. The foramen can be surgically enlarged at the entry and middle zones using this technique; however, some reduction of the foraminal enlargement occurs by 12 weeks. The clinical implications of this reduction cannot be determined from this study. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Endoscopic-assisted foraminotomy could be used to improve intraoperative visualization in dogs with foraminal stenosis as a component of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis.  相似文献   

Increased sacral screw purchase minimizes screw loosening in canine triple pelvic osteotomy     

Whelan MF  McCarthy RJ  Boudrieau RJ  Kraus KH 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2004,33(6):609-614

OBJECTIVE: To determine if screw loosening in triple pelvic osteotomies (TPO) is minimized when screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy had maximal sacral purchase. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Forty-six dogs with decreased acetabular coverage of the femoral head and minimal degenerative joint changes. METHODS: TPOs were performed where screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy were inserted to maximally engage sacral bone. Data collected were: use of ilial and ischial cerclage wire, screw length, ventrodorsal radiographic sacral width (most caudal aspect), pelvic canal diameter, and sacral penetration of the 3 cranial screws. On all subsequent radiographs, changes in screw position, pelvic canal diameter, and sacral purchase were noted. RESULTS: For 69 TPOs, 414 screws were used. Mean radiographic cranial screw length was 34.54 mm. Combined sacral depth of all 3 screws was 93.3% of sacral width. All osteotomies healed uneventfully. Twenty-four screws (6%) loosened with 12 being in the most cranial positions. Use of ischial or ilial cerclage wires did not statistically influence screw loosening. Pelvic diameter decreased by a mean of 7.79% from postoperative radiographs to the last radiographic recheck. CONCLUSIONS: By sufficiently engaging the sacrum with screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy, implant failures can be avoided and screw loosening minimized when a 6-hole TPO plate is used. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To minimize screw-loosening in TPO, screws inserted cranial to the ilial osteotomy should be inserted to maximum sacral depth without penetrating the vertebral canal.  相似文献