Flavor release and perception of flavored whey protein gels: perception is determined by texture rather than by release     

Weel KG  Boelrijk AE  Alting AC  Van Mil PJ  Burger JJ  Gruppen H  Voragen AG  Smit G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(18):5149-5155

Five whey protein gels, with different gel hardnesses and waterholding capacities, were flavored with ethylbutyrate or diacetyl and evaluated by a 10-person panel to study the relation between the gel structure and the sensory perception, as well as the nosespace flavor concentration during eating. The sensory perception of the flavor compounds was measured by the time-intensity method, while simultaneously the nosespace flavor concentration was monitored by the MS-Nose. The nosespace flavor concentration was found to be independent of the gel hardness or waterholding capacity. However, significant changes in flavor intensity between the gels were perceived by the majority of the panelists, despite the fact that the panelists were instructed to focus only on flavor perception and to not take texture into account. From these observations it is concluded that the texture of gels determines perception of flavor intensity rather than the in-nose flavor concentration.  相似文献   

Fumonisin mycotoxins in traditional Xhosa maize beer in South Africa     

Shephard GS  van der Westhuizen L  Gatyeni PM  Somdyala NI  Burger HM  Marasas WF 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(24):9634-9637

The production and consumption of home-brewed Xhosa maize beer is a widespread traditional practice in the former Transkei region of South Africa. HPLC determination of fumonisins B1 (FB1), B2 (FB2), and B3 (FB3) in maize beer samples collected in two magisterial areas, Centane and Bizana, showed a wide range of levels. All samples were positive for FB(1), with a mean level of 281 +/- 262 ng/mL and a range from 38 to 1066 ng/mL. Total fumonisins (FB1 + FB2 + FB3) ranged from 43 to 1329 ng/mL, with a mean of 369 +/- 345 ng/mL. Data on the consumption of home-brewed beer are not available. On the basis of published data for the consumption of commercial beer in South Africa, the fumonisin exposure in these districts among the consumers of maize beer was found to be well above the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2 mug/kg of body weight/day set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.  相似文献   

Effect of emulsion properties on release of esters under static headspace, in vivo, and artificial throat conditions in relation to sensory intensity     

Weel KG  Boelrijk AE  Burger JJ  Jacobs MA  Gruppen H  Voragen AG  Smit G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(21):6572-6577

The effects of oil content and droplet size distributions of dilute oil-in-water emulsions on release of four esters with different hydrophobicities were studied under in vivo, static headspace, and artificial throat conditions. The effect of oil content on orthonasal and retronasal perceived intensity of ethyl hexanoate was studied using a seven-person panel. With increasing oil content and with a higher hydrophobicity of the aroma compound, a stronger decrease in aroma release was found. This effect was stronger under static headspace conditions than under in vivo and artificial throat conditions, and the sensory intensity of ethyl hexanoate was perceived stronger orthonasally than retronasally. The lowest effective oil content was determined for all systems. Of the compounds tested, droplet size distribution only influenced the in vivo release of geranyl acetate. The artificial throat results correlated well with in vivo release, giving support to the assumption that a thin layer of liquid remaining in the throat after swallowing determines aroma release.  相似文献   

Active immunisation against GnRH as treatment for unilateral granulosa theca cell tumour in mares     

Daphne Behrendt  Dominik Burger  Steffen Gremmes  Katja Szunyog  Selena Röthemeier  Harald Sieme 《Equine veterinary journal》2021,53(4):740-745

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BPV-1 infection is not confined to the dermis but also involves the epidermis of equine sarcoids     

Brandt S  Tober R  Corteggio A  Burger S  Sabitzer S  Walter I  Kainzbauer C  Steinborn R  Nasir L  Borzacchiello G 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,150(1-2):35-40

In equids, bovine papillomaviruses of type 1 (BPV-1) and less frequently type 2 induce common, locally aggressive skin tumours termed sarcoids. Whereas BPV infection in cattle usually involves the epidermis and is productive in this skin layer, infection in equids is currently thought to be abortive, with virus solely residing as multiple episomes in dermal fibroblasts. Based on recent observations that do not agree with this assumption, we hypothesised that BPV also infects equid epidermis and is active in this skin layer. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a proof-of-principle study on eight distinct sarcoids. Presence of viral DNA was addressed by qualitative and quantitative BPV-1 PCR from microdissected sarcoid epidermis, and by subsequent amplicon sequencing. Viral activity was assessed by screening sarcoid epidermis for BPV-1 protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) or immunofluorescence (IF). Virus-free equine skin served as negative control throughout the assays. BPV-1 DNA was demonstrated in all sarcoid epidermis samples, with viral DNA loads ranging between 2 and 195 copies/cell. Identical BPV-1 E5 genes were identified in epidermis and dermis of each of two sarcoids, yet different E5 variants were found in individual lesions. IHC/IF revealed the presence of E5 and E7 protein in sarcoid epidermis, and L1 capsomers in the squamous layer of one lesion. These findings indicate that BPV infection also involves the epidermis, where it may occasionally be productive.  相似文献   

Assessment of mechanical ventricular synchrony in Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy     

Jordi López-Alvarez LltVet  MRCVS  Sonja Fonfara Dr Med Vet  MRCVS  Brigite Pedro DVM  MRCVS  Hannah Stephenson BVMS  MRCVS  Peter J. Cripps BSc  BVSc  MSc  PhD  MRCVS  Joanna Dukes-McEwan BV  MS  MVM  PhD  MRCVS 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2011,13(3):183-195

Objectives

Loss of temporal synchrony of myocardial contraction has been shown to reduce systolic function and be responsible for disease progression in people. The objective of this study is the assessment of inter- and intra ventricular synchrony in healthy Doberman Pinschers and those with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) by use of conventional Doppler and tissue velocity imaging.

Animals

A total of 60 scans from 35 client-owned Doberman Pinschers presented for cardiac evaluation were analysed.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of data. Using the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology DCM taskforce scoring system, Doberman Pinschers were classified into 4 groups: Control (Group 1; n = 12), depressed systolic function other than DCM (Group 2; n = 9), preclinical DCM (Group 3; n = 8) and symptomatic DCM (Group 4; n = 6). The time intervals between the beginning of the QRS complex and the peak velocity of pulmonic flow (Q-P) and the peak aortic flow (Q-Ao) were used to assess global synchrony between both ventricles. The time intervals between the beginning of the QRS complex and the peak myocardial systolic velocity (Q-peak S) and the onset of myocardial systolic velocity (Q-start S) were measured at the base of the right and left ventricular free wall (RVFW and LVFW) and interventricular septum (IVS), and used to determine segmental longitudinal inter- and intra ventricular synchrony.

Results

No significant loss of global or segmental longitudinal inter- or intra ventricular synchrony was identified between the groups.

Conclusion

Impairment of longitudinal fibre synchrony does not appear to be significantly associated with clinical status of DCM in Doberman Pinschers, although it was identified in certain individuals.  相似文献   

Balloon dilation of an imperforate cor triatriatum dexter in a Golden Retriever with concurrent double-chambered right ventricle and subsequent evaluation by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging     

Jordi López-Alvarez LltVet  MRCVS  Joanna Dukes-McEwan BV  MS  MVM  PhD  MRCVS  Mike W.S. Martin MVB  MRCVS  David Killick BVetMed  MRCVS  Sonja Fonfara Dr Med Vet  MRCVS  J. Fraser McConnell BVM&S  MRCVS 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2011,13(3):211-218

A 12-week-old male Golden Retriever was presented with signs of right-sided congestive heart failure and a grade V/VI left craniosternal systolic murmur. Echocardiography identified a double-chambered right ventricle and dilated coronary sinus (CS) running into an inter-atrial chamber. This was confirmed to be an imperforate cor triatriatum dexter (CTD) by selective angiographic studies. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first case reported of imperforate CTD successfully treated by membranostomy and balloon dilation. Cardiac MRI confirmed the echocardiographic and angiographic findings and provided a more precise understanding of the venous abnormalities.  相似文献   

Ancient DNA from the first European farmers in 7500-year-old Neolithic sites   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Haak W  Forster P  Bramanti B  Matsumura S  Brandt G  Tänzer M  Villems R  Renfrew C  Gronenborn D  Alt KW  Burger J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5750):1016-1018

The ancestry of modern Europeans is a subject of debate among geneticists, archaeologists, and anthropologists. A crucial question is the extent to which Europeans are descended from the first European farmers in the Neolithic Age 7500 years ago or from Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who were present in Europe since 40,000 years ago. Here we present an analysis of ancient DNA from early European farmers. We successfully extracted and sequenced intact stretches of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 24 out of 57 Neolithic skeletons from various locations in Germany, Austria, and Hungary. We found that 25% of the Neolithic farmers had one characteristic mtDNA type and that this type formerly was widespread among Neolithic farmers in Central Europe. Europeans today have a 150-times lower frequency (0.2%) of this mtDNA type, revealing that these first Neolithic farmers did not have a strong genetic influence on modern European female lineages. Our finding lends weight to a proposed Paleolithic ancestry for modern Europeans.  相似文献   

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY TO GEODESY     

Burger WH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1916,44(1123):4-11

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Glucose tolerance in the toad Bufo gutturalis (Power)     

A. Vawda  F.J. Burger  A.L. Smit 《African Zoology》2013,48(3):156-162

Some aspects of glucose homeostasis were investigated in the toad Bufo gutturalis. Normal blood glucose and liver glycogen levels were determined and glucose tolerance tests were performed on laboratory acclimatized toads. The mean blood glucose concentration in such animals fasted for 48 h was 2,94 ± 0,65 mmol/l and 8,8 ± 2,62% of the wet mass of the liver consisted of glycogen. The rate of removal of glucose from the blood was directly dependent on the dose of glucose administered; the greater the dose the faster the removal rate. The renal threshold for glucose is between 3,22 and 5,64 mmol/l blood glucose.  相似文献