The hypothesis that the sticky droppings and the poor performance of chicks fed on low‐enzyme barleys are due to hemicelluloses and related substances in barley, which in solution in the alimentary tract give rise to a highly viscous state, was tested.
It is demonstrated that pectin significantly reduced chick performance and the droppings produced were very sticky. A pectin‐degrading enzyme quickly reduced the viscosity of a solution of pectin and significantly improved the performance of chicks.
The effect of feeding a bacterial enzyme preparation on the viscosity of water extracts of the contents of the small intestines of chickens that were fed on a low‐enzyme barley, was studied. It is shown that the viscosities were reduced by the “enzyme”. The viscosities of extracts from chickens that were fed on barley alone were lowered by enzyme preparations that were effective in increasing the performance of chickens.
Aqueous extracts of Australian barleys, steamed Irish barley and processed Irish barley were highly viscous, whereas similar extracts of raw Irish barleys had very low viscosities. The viscosities of the former barley extracts were markedly lowered by adding “effective” (i.e. those which improve chick performance) enzyme preparations to them.
The “enzymes” gave similar results with a solution of β‐glucan, and it is concluded that the enzyme responsible for lowering the viscosities was endo‐β‐glucanase.
A simple method for the determination of endo‐β‐glucanase activity is described. The activities of Irish barleys were high, but the activities of Australian barleys were very low. The enzyme was present in “effective” crude enzyme preparations.
It is concluded that the poor nutritional value of low‐enzyme barleys is related to the glucan and β‐glucan components of barley. Under the particular conditions the glucan/β‐glucan components give rise to fairly stable highly viscous conditions in the small intestine. 相似文献
Two dogs developed a disabling gait abnormality characterised by stiffness. The abnormality was consistent with a diagnosis of myotonia secondary to hyper-adrenocorticism. The first dog had iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism, and its signs improved substantially after corticosteroid administration was gradually withdrawn. The second had pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, but myotonic signs progressed despite effective mitotane therapy. Procainamide administration reduced the myotonic stiffness in the second case. 相似文献
The objective of this study was to determine the activity of steroid‐ and eicosanoid‐metabolizing enzymes in horses with varying BCSs. The BCSs of twenty non‐pregnant, anoestrous mares were determined prior to euthanasia, and tissue samples were collected from the liver, kidney, adrenal gland, ovary and endometrium. Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), 2C (CYP2C), 3A (CYP3A) and uridine 5′‐diphospho‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities were determined using luminogenic substrates. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to test the effect of BCS on enzyme activity and differences between tissues. Activity of CYP1A in adrenals was increased (p ≤.05) in BCS 5 versus BCSs 4 and 6. Activity of CYP1A in the liver was increased (p =.05) in BCS 4 versus BCSs 5 and 6. Activity of CYP1A was 100‐fold greater (p <.0001) in the liver than in the adrenal, ovary and kidney. Activity of CYP2C was 100‐fold greater (p <.0001) in the liver than in the adrenal, ovary and endometrium. Activity of CYP3A was only detectable in the liver. Activity of UGT in the kidney was decreased (p =.02) in BCS 4 versus BCSs 5 and 6. Activity of UGT was threefold greater (p <.0001) in the liver than in the kidney, whereas activity of UGT was ninefold greater (p <.0001) in the kidney than in the ovary and endometrium. In general, BCS did not alter the activity of steroid‐ and eicosanoid‐metabolizing enzymes in horses. However, tissue differences in these enzymes indicated abundant hepatic metabolism in horses, which is similar to other livestock species. 相似文献
T zone lymphoma (TZL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of T cells lacking expression of the pan‐leukocyte antigen CD45 (TZ cells). A strong breed predisposition is observed in Golden retrievers. This study aimed to confirm aberrant CD45 mRNA expression and determine if Golden retrievers without clinical lymphoma have an increased frequency of circulating TZ cells. Gene expression analysis on confirmed TZL cases showed a significant decrease in CD45 expression compared to normal dogs. Peripheral blood samples from senior dogs, 242 Golden retrievers and 42 non‐Golden retrievers, without evidence of lymphoproliferative disease were assessed for the presence of TZ cells by flow cytometry. Thirty‐one percent of Golden retrievers had TZ cells compared to 14% of non‐Golden retrievers. Thirty‐four percent of Golden retrievers with TZ cells had a clonal T cell receptor gamma (TRG) gene rearrangement. Interestingly, 20% of Golden retrievers without TZ cells also had a clonal TRG rearrangement. Golden retrievers may have an increased risk of TZL due to an increased frequency of TZ cells. 相似文献
Background: DNA is released from dying cells during apoptosis and necrosis. This cell-free DNA (cfDNA) diffuses into the plasma where it can be measured. In humans, an increase in cfDNA correlates with disease severity and prognosis.
Objective: It was hypothesized that when DNA in canine plasma was measured by emission fluorometry without prior DNA extraction, the concentration of cfDNA would increase with disease severity.
Animals: The diseased population consisted of 97 client-owned dogs. The clinically normal population consisted of nine client-owned dogs presenting for ‘wellness screens’, and 15 colony-owned Harrier Hounds.
Methods: Plasma cfDNA was measured by fluorometry without prior DNA extraction. The effects of ex vivo storage conditions were evaluated in plasma from two clinically normal dogs. In all other dogs, plasma was separated within two hours of collection. The association between the cfDNA concentration in hospitalized dogs and a variety of clinical, clinicopathological and outcome variables was tested.
Results: The concentration of cfDNA was reliably measured when plasma was separated within two hours of blood collection. The diseased dogs had significantly higher cfDNA than clinically normal dogs (P < 0.001), and the more severe the disease, the higher the cfDNA when severity was categorized according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status (P < 0.001). Dogs that did not survive to discharge had significantly higher cfDNA concentrations than survivors (P = 0.02).
Conclusions/Clinical Importance: The concentration of cfDNA in the plasma of diseased dogs is associated with disease severity and prognosis. Measurement of canine cfDNA could be a useful non-specific disease indicator and prognostic tool. 相似文献
We have investigated the effects administering exogenous progesterone, via insertion of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) for 4 days, from either day 5 or day 12 of the oestrous cycle on plasma oestradiol concentrations. In study 1, in which progesterone was administered from day 5, measurement of plasma oestradiol in daily samples revealed a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in peripheral oestradiol concentration. In contrast, in study 2, similar administration of progesterone from day 12 had no effect on plasma oestradiol concentration. In study 3, collection of hourly samples following progesterone treatment on day 5 revealed peak progesterone concentrations within 1 h of CIDR insertion and nadir oestradiol concentrations within 4 h. The results demonstrate that treatment with progesterone early in the luteal phase causes a rapid inhibition of oestradiol secretion, while later treatment does not. While improvements in pregnancy rate following progesterone treatment at this time have traditionally been attributed to increases in progesterone, the potential involvement of decreased oestradiol secretion has often been overlooked. 相似文献
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