Towards an acoustic‐based coupled observation and modelling system for monitoring and predicting ecosystem dynamics of the open ocean     

Nils Olav Handegard  Louis du Buisson  Patrice Brehmer  Stewart J Chalmers  Alex De Robertis  Geir Huse  Rudy Kloser  Gavin Macaulay  Olivier Maury  Patrick H Ressler  Nils Chr Stenseth  Olav Rune Godø 《Fish and Fisheries》2013,14(4):605-615

Assessment of open‐ocean ecosystems relies on understanding ecosystem dynamics, and development of end‐to‐end ecosystem models represents an approach that addresses these challenges. These models incorporate the population structure and dynamics of marine organisms at all trophic levels. Satellite remote sensing of ocean colour and direct at‐sea measurements provide information on the lower trophic levels of the models, and fisheries studies provide information on top predator species. However, these models suffer from a lack of observations for the so‐called mid‐trophic levels, which are poorly sampled by conventional methods. This restricts further development, and we argue that acoustic observations from a range of platforms (e.g. buoys, moorings) can be linked to the ecosystem models to provide much‐needed information on these trophic levels. To achieve this, the models need to be tailored to incorporate the available acoustic data, and the link from acoustic backscatter to biologically relevant variables (biomass, carbon, etc.) needs attention. Methods to progress this issue are proposed, including the development of observation models and focal areas for ground truthing. To ensure full use of the potential of acoustic techniques, we argue that a systematic and long‐term strategy incorporating the following elements is required: development of metadata standards and automated data analysis, inclusion of acoustic sensors in large‐scale observatory programmes, improvement of observation‐model links, and efficient sampling strategies. Finally, these elements should be tied together in an observation‐modelling framework, coordinated by international organizations, to improve our understanding and quantification of open‐ocean ecosystem dynamics.  相似文献   

Morphometric Changes in Polish Konik Mares After Nearly a Hundred Years of the Breed's Existence          下载免费PDF全文

E. Pasicka  K. Tarnawski  A. Chrószcz  H. Geringer de Oedenberg 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2017,46(3):249-257

The study was carried out on 126 mares of the Polish Konik horse breed. Mares were bred under a stable system housing and they came from five leading conservation breeding centres. The mares were divided into three age groups: 3–5 years old, 6–9 years old and over 10 years old. Each animal was characterized using 40 morphometric measurements. Discriminant analysis proved the exterior differences of mares in terms of the analysed metric values. It was concluded that the morphotype of modern Polish Konik mares is statistically significantly influenced by the following traits: neck ventral length, forearm circumference, distance between the vascular notch (incisura vasorum facialium) and the oral angle (angulus oris), distance between the margo coronalis ungulae and the margo solearis ungulae of the thoracic limb, thorax circumference and pelvis width. Conformation traits of the studied Polish Konik mares show multidirectional changes, prevailingly an upward trend in the mean values. However, shoulder height turned out to be definitely the least modified trait. Results obtained in the research presented herein may be a confirmation of progressing exterior transformations, which have been identified in the new generation, namely in the youngest group of mares of this breed.  相似文献   

Surface hydrophobicity of physicochemically and enzymatically treated milk proteins in relation to techno-functional properties     

Hiller B  Lorenzen PC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(2):461-468

Surface hydrophobicity (SH) of milk proteins treated physicochemically (by heating and Maillard reaction) or modified enzymatically (by transglutaminase, lactoperoxidase, laccase, and glucose oxidase) was assessed in relation to their techno-functional properties. Heat-treatment increased SH of whey protein isolate and decreased SH of sodium caseinate and bovine serum albumin. Maillard reaction of milk proteins caused time-depended decreases of SH. Only for total milk protein reacting with glucose and lactose elevated SH-values were detected. Protein modification with transglutaminase, laccase, and lactoperoxidase strongly increased the SH of whey protein isolate and total milk protein. Incubation with glucose oxidase elevated SH values of sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate, and total milk protein. When correlating SH with techno-functional properties, a positive correlation was observed between SH and foam formation, and a negative correlation was observed between SH and foam stability as well as emulsion stability. No clear correlation was detected between SH and emulsifying activity, surface tension, viscosity, and heat stability of enzymatically and physicochemically treated milk proteins.  相似文献   

Electron Microscopic Studies on the Morphology of Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus1     

E. Munz  E. Gbel  Chr. Krolopp  M. Reimann  F. G. Davies 《Zoonoses and public health》1981,28(7):553-563

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Spermagewinnung und Langzeitlagerung in der Rinderbesamung     

Chr. Leipnitz 《Reproduction in domestic animals》1972,7(1):24-27

Inhalt 95 Prüfbullen, die ein Jahr lang gehalten und 11 Monate lang abgesamt wurden, lieferten im Durchschnitt 16 600 Portionen Sperma (s =± 5870). Sie waren bei der Aufstellung im Mittel 19, 5 Monate alt. 31 Bullen mit durchschnittlichem Eintrittsalter von 14 Monaten und drei Tagen gaben 16 070 Portionen. In der Dosis befanden sich ca. 37 Millionen Spermien. Contents 95 test-bulls kept for one year yielded 16 600 doses of pelleted semen (mean amount per bull), the pellet containing an average of 37 millions of spermatozoa.  相似文献   

Die Gaterslebener Mutanten der Saatgerste in Beziehung zur Formenmannigfaltigkeit der ArtHordeum vulgare L. s. l. I     

F. Scholz  Chr O. Lehmann 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1958,6(1):123-166

Zusammenfassung Es werden 75 röntgeninduzierte Mutanten der Sommergerstensorten Donaria und Haisa morphologisch beschrieben. Sie werden unter der Rangstufe Linie (auf dem gleichen Rang wie die Sorte), zusammengefaßt nach Hauptmerkmalen, in das morphologische System eingeordnet. 71 dieser Mutantenlinien konnten 17 verschiedenen Varietäten (4 Convarietäten) zugeordnet werden. Zwei dieser Varietäten (var.calcaratum, p. 144; var.heteroglumatum p. 152) stellen neue Merkmalskombinationen dar und werden beschrieben. Bei den restlichen 4 Mutantenlinien stieß die Einordnung auf Schwierigkeiten, ihre Stellung bleibt vorläufig offen.  相似文献   

Zur Technik der Sortimentserhaltung     

Chr O. Lehmann  R. Mansfeld 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1957,5(1):108-138

Zusammenfassung Die Sorten eines Sortiments durch lange Zeit unverändert zu erhalten, bietet erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. In manchen Fällen (gewisse Fremdbestäuber) ist es überhaupt unmöglich, in anderen gelingt es nur für kurze Zeit, allgemein nur für bestimmte Merkmale, für die es praktisch durchführbare Kontrollmöglichkeiten gibt.Es werden einige der in Gatersleben angewendeten einfachen Verfahren beschrieben, um die durch natürliche Auslese, ungewollte Kreuzungen, Auftreten von Mutationen sowie mechanische Vermischungen eintretenden Veränderungen möglichst weitgehend auszuschalten. Das sind u.a. disjunktiver Anbau der Sorten, einfache Isolationen, Sicherheitsmaßnahmen bei Aussaat, Ernte und Ernteaufarbeitung. Dazu kommen allgemeine Kontrollmaßnahmen und in bestimmten Abständen durchgeführte Echtheitsprüfungen durch Vergleich mit dem Sortimentsarchiv.  相似文献   

Bücheranzeigen     

Dr. D. J. Metzger  K. Mantel  Greisz  Chr Hofmann  K. Zrendelenburg  B. 《European Journal of Forest Research》1939,61(10):318-328

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Bücheranzeigen     

Schüpfer  Chr Hofmann  A. Schmausz  L. 《European Journal of Forest Research》1937,59(18):589-591

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Rapid advance of spring arrival dates in long-distance migratory birds     

Jonzén N  Lindén A  Ergon T  Knudsen E  Vik JO  Rubolini D  Piacentini D  Brinch C  Spina F  Karlsson L  Stervander M  Andersson A  Waldenström J  Lehikoinen A  Edvardsen E  Solvang R  Stenseth NC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5782):1959-1961

Several bird species have advanced the timing of their spring migration in response to recent climate change. European short-distance migrants, wintering in temperate areas, have been assumed to be more affected by change in the European climate than long-distance migrants wintering in the tropics. However, we show that long-distance migrants have advanced their spring arrival in Scandinavia more than short-distance migrants. By analyzing a long-term data set from southern Italy, we show that long-distance migrants also pass through the Mediterranean region earlier. We argue that this may reflect a climate-driven evolutionary change in the timing of spring migration.  相似文献